USPTO Examiner HOUSHMAND HOOMAN - Art Unit 2465

Recent Applications

Detailed information about the 100 most recent patent applications.

Application NumberTitleFiling DateDisposal DateDispositionTime (months)Office ActionsRestrictionsInterviewAppeal
18758988HANDLING INTERFERENCE IN MULTI-RADIO ACCESS TECHNOLOGY (RAT) WIRELESS TRANSMIT/RECEIVE UNIT (WTRU)June 2024September 2025Allow1500NoNo
18642616PRIORITIZED TAG BASED VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK CONNECTIONApril 2024September 2025Allow1600YesNo
18587699DATA ACCESS VIA SECURE TUNNELS IN MULTI-TENANT CLOUD NATIVE CONTROL PLANE SYSTEMFebruary 2024August 2025Allow1800YesNo
18186019HYBRID TAG BASED VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK WITH SCALABLE NEXT HOP CONVERGENCEMarch 2023December 2023Allow920NoNo
18185967MULTI-TENANT CLOUD NATIVE CONTROL PLANE SYSTEMMarch 2023October 2023Allow710NoNo
18087856METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETECTING USER DATA OF ACTIVATED USER USING PILOT AND DATA IN A GRANT-FREE WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMDecember 2022December 2025Allow3610NoNo
17921472USER EQUIPMENT AND BASE STATION FOR MANAGING REPETITION -BASED UPLINK GRANTS IN NROctober 2022November 2025Allow3610YesNo
17970186ELECTRONIC APPARATUS AND CONTROLLING METHOD THEREOF FOR CONTROLLING A PLURALITY OF NODE DEVICES CONNECTED IN SERIESOctober 2022January 2026Allow3910YesNo
17916399UPLINK SIGNAL TRANSMISSION METHOD AND DEVICESeptember 2022November 2025Allow3710NoNo
17817160FACILITATING CONDITIONAL FAST RETURN TO STAND ALONE ADVANCED NETWORKS AFTER VOICE FALL BACK BASED ON NETWORK CONGESTION AWARENESSAugust 2022July 2025Allow3610YesNo
17794664L1-SINR MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE BASED ON MEASUREMENT RESTRICTIONSJuly 2022October 2025Abandon3910NoNo
17832967HARQ ID FOR CONSECUTIVE UPLINK SUBFRAMES IN A WIRELESS DEVICEJune 2022May 2025Allow3510YesNo
17825176UPLINK GRANT FOR CONSECUTIVE UPLINK SUBFRAMES IN A WIRELESS DEVICEMay 2022May 2025Allow3510NoNo
17751660DISABLING HYBRID AUTOMATIC REPEAT REQUEST (HARQ) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS FOR PACKETS FOR WHICH ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ARE SUPPORTED AT NETWORK OR HIGHER LAYERMay 2022April 2025Allow3510NoNo
17662419METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PROCESSING DATA STREAMS, COMPUTING DEVICE AND STORAGE MEDIUMMay 2022May 2025Allow3710NoNo
17712609MULTI-MODE SCANNING SYSTEM USING ROBUST COMMUNICATIONS PATHApril 2022July 2025Allow4020NoNo
17712409METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SUPPORTING CLOCK SYNCHRONIZATION OF USER EQUIPMENT IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMApril 2022February 2026Allow4630YesNo
17693515DATA TRANSMISSION METHOD, SEGMENT TELEGRAM AND AUTOMATION COMMUNICATION NETWORKMarch 2022December 2024Allow3310YesNo
17753173METHOD FOR DEBUGGING THE PARSER IN PROGRAMMABLE ROUTERSFebruary 2022May 2025Allow3920NoNo
17753115NETWORK CODING DESIGN FOR LOW-LATENCY COMMUNICATIONSFebruary 2022August 2024Allow3010YesNo
17753091APPARATUSES FOR FULL DUPLEX DATA TRANSMISSION OVER A WIRED COMMUNICATION LINK AND METHODS FOR AN APPARATUS FOR FULL DUPLEX DATA TRANSMISSION COUPLEABLE TO A WIRED COMMUNICATION LINKFebruary 2022May 2025Allow3920YesNo
17590612NETWORK ELEMENTS, COMPUTER-READABLE STORAGE MEDIUMS AND METHODS OF UPDATING FORWARDING INFORMATION BASE IN NETWORK ELEMENTSFebruary 2022September 2025Allow4430NoNo
17575642METHOD AND DEVICE FOR NEW RADIO DATA TRANSMISSION USING SECONDARY RESOURCEJanuary 2022July 2024Allow3010YesNo
17572320NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION (NAT)-BASED TRAFFIC STEERINGJanuary 2022May 2024Allow2810YesNo
17597358METHOD FOR TRANSMITTING DATA ON RESOURCE SELECTED BY SENSING OR RANDOMLY SELECTED IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMJanuary 2022June 2024Allow2910YesNo
17645390DYNAMIC SWITCH BETWEEN SS-TWR AND DS-TWR FOR SIDELINK POSITIONINGDecember 2021November 2024Allow3520YesNo
17515889USER EQUIPMENT AND METHOD FOR MANAGING OUT-OF-ORDER PACKETSNovember 2021June 2024Allow3120NoNo
17452691PEER-TO-PEER DATA SHARING FOR REDUCED NETWORK DEMANDOctober 2021July 2024Allow3320YesNo
17508876Configuring a Preamble for Trigger-Based Protocol Data UnitOctober 2021February 2026Allow5120YesYes
17411702PACKET PROCESSING SYSTEM WITH ENERGY SAVING FEATURESAugust 2021April 2025Allow4440YesYes
17423713SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR POWER CONTROL FOR 2-STEP RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL (RACH)July 2021June 2025Allow4740NoNo
17420576Methods and Apparatuses for Positioning Based on the Sounding Reference SignalJuly 2021July 2024Allow3720NoNo
17331866USB TYPE-C/PD PORT REAL TIME MONITORING AND CONTROL IN AN AUTOMOTIVE OR INDUSTRIAL ECOSYSTEMMay 2021May 2025Allow4760YesYes
17327715HANDOVER METHODS AND APPARATUS WHICH SUPPORT USE OF A CELLULAR LINK AS PART OF A HANDOVER BETWEEN WiFi ACCESS POINTSMay 2021March 2025Allow4530YesNo
17324767SIMPLEX AND DUPLEX DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYSTEMMay 2021September 2024Abandon4020NoNo
17268060METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TRANSMITTING A PHYSICAL PROTOCOL DATA UNIT BY APPLYING CYCLIC SHIFT DELAY FOR EACH TRANSMISSION CHAIN IN A WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORK SYSTEMFebruary 2021May 2023Allow2710NoNo
17164504PACKET ROUTING BASED ON FORWARDING RULES IN A NETWORK VISIBILITY SYSTEMFebruary 2021February 2025Allow4940YesNo
17111270PACKET DATA CONVERGENCE PROTOCOL (PDCP) DUPLICATION ENHANCEMENTSDecember 2020January 2025Abandon4940YesNo
17095344SYSTEM MEMORY FLOW MANAGEMENTNovember 2020May 2024Allow4230YesNo
17093483Time-Series Data Monitoring With Sharded ServerNovember 2020November 2024Allow4930YesNo
16949527INTERLEAVING TRANSPORT BLOCKS IN BROADCAST TRANSMISSIONSNovember 2020September 2024Allow4640YesYes
17013719AUTOMATIC LEVEL CONTROL FOR HALF DUPLEX RADIOSeptember 2020May 2023Abandon3210NoNo
17012877PHY-BASED HYBRID AUTOMATIC REPEAT REQUEST (HARQ)September 2020September 2023Abandon3620YesNo
17008020Digital Media DeliveryAugust 2020November 2023Abandon3830YesNo
17000898STATELESS MULTICAST IN MULTI-DOMAIN NETWORKSAugust 2020May 2024Allow4540YesNo
16971780BUFFERING SUPPORTAugust 2020August 2022Abandon2310NoNo
16913273CAN TRANSCEIVERJune 2020July 2023Abandon3620NoNo
16806384BROADCAST AND MULTICAST IN A WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IN A WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKMarch 2020July 2022Allow2920YesNo
16632322FPGA BASED DATA ACQUISITION CARD, DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM AND DATA ACQUISITION METHODJanuary 2020May 2023Abandon4020NoNo
16714936HARQ ID FOR CONSECUTIVE UPLINK SUBFRAMES IN A WIRELESS DEVICEDecember 2019March 2022Allow2710NoNo
16711081TECHNOLOGY AWARE DIFFERENTIATED SERVICE MARKINGDecember 2019November 2024Abandon6020YesYes
16670317Uplink Grant For Consecutive Uplink Subframes In A Wireless DeviceOctober 2019February 2022Allow2810YesNo
16454807Distributing timing over Metro Transport NetworkingJune 2019October 2023Allow5220YesYes
16454794KEY AND PACKET NUMBER MANAGEMENT FOR WAKEUP RADIO FRAMESJune 2019April 2022Abandon3401NoNo
16454453MECHANISM FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SENSING CAPABILITY PROTECTIONJune 2019April 2023Allow4640YesNo
16326619METHOD OF TRANSMISSION IN UNLICENSED BAND AND NODE PERFORMING CLEAR CHANNEL ASSESSMENTFebruary 2019March 2022Abandon3720NoNo
16226206METHOD FOR PROVIDING COMMUNICATION SERVICE USING SECURE ELEMENT AND ELECTRONIC DEVICE THEREOFDecember 2018March 2022Allow3920NoNo
16226163FAST REDIRECT OF TRAFFIC WHEN PODS FAILDecember 2018July 2023Allow5520YesYes
16226317LOCAL ROUTING OF MEDIA STREAMSDecember 2018April 2022Abandon4020NoNo
16162395Device and Method of Handling a Protocol Data Unit Session and a Network SliceOctober 2018March 2024Abandon6070YesNo
16162570PROFILING OF WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORK PERFORMANCEOctober 2018August 2023Allow5860YesNo
16162774LISTEN AFTER TALK PROCEDUREOctober 2018December 2023Allow6060YesNo
16162425METHOD AND DEVICE FOR RELAY IN UE AND BASE STATIONOctober 2018August 2021Allow3410YesNo
16112602CENTRALIZED OVERLAY GATEWAY IN PUBLIC CLOUDAugust 2018August 2021Allow3520NoNo
16112515SYSTEM, METHOD, AND COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR PROBABILISTIC ESTIMATION AND PREVENTION OF MUTING OCCURRENCES IN VOICE OVER LTE (VOLTE)August 2018January 2021Allow2910YesNo
16112561DISABLING HYBRID AUTOMATIC REPEAT REQUEST (HARQ) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS FOR PACKETS FOR WHICH ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ARE SUPPORTED AT NETWORK OR HIGHER LAYERAugust 2018January 2022Allow4120YesNo
16020959HANDOVER METHODS AND APPARATUSJune 2018January 2021Allow3120YesYes
16066390ELECTRONIC DEVICE, METHOD APPLIED TO ELECTRONIC DEVICE, AND DATA PROCESSING DEVICE FOR REUSING IDLE CSI-RS PORTS OF AN ADJACENT CELLJune 2018December 2020Allow3020YesNo
16066344Methods and Arrangements for Supporting Cell Selection and Cell Reselection in a Wireless Communication NetworkJune 2018December 2020Abandon3020YesNo
16066608ENHANCEMENTS TO NON-ACCESS STRATUM (NAS) PROTOCOL TO TRANSMIT SMALL DATA OVER SIGNALING PLANEJune 2018August 2025Allow6090YesNo
16020937METHOD FOR DETECTING AN EXTERNAL ANTENNA CONNECTED TO A COMMUNICATION DEVICEJune 2018June 2020Abandon2410NoNo
16066533METHODS AND APPARATUSES FOR TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING UPLINK INFORMATIONJune 2018January 2021Abandon3110NoNo
16066577HANDLING INTERFERENCE IN MULTI-RADIO ACCESS TECHNOLOGY (RAT) WIRELESS TRANSMIT/RECEIVE UNIT (WTRU)June 2018April 2024Allow6070YesNo
16066444PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT IN A PACKET-SWITCHED COMMUNICATION NETWORKJune 2018May 2024Allow6060YesYes
15962699METHOD OF GENERATING CHANNEL QUALITY INDICATOR ADAPTIVELY IN DOWNLINK STATUS AND USER EQUIPMENT FOR THE SAMEApril 2018September 2020Allow2820YesNo
15759375SELECTIVE PROPRIETARY PROTOCOL SUPPORT INDICATION REMOVALMarch 2018November 2021Allow4440YesNo
15918450DIGITAL MEDIA DELIVERYMarch 2018June 2020Allow2720YesNo
15918759BASE STATION DYNAMIC RANGE EXTENSIONMarch 2018June 2022Allow5120YesYes
15759467METHOD FOR PERFORMING TIME-DIVISION DUPLEX (TDD) COMMUNICATION BY TERMINAL IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND TERMINAL USING SAMEMarch 2018December 2020Allow3331YesNo
15759367PRE-PROCESSING OF DATA PACKETS WITH NETWORK SWITCH APPLICATION -SPECIFIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITMarch 2018February 2020Abandon2410NoNo
15418305CONGESTION AVOIDANCE OVER A TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL (TCP) FLOW THAT INVOLVES ONE OR MORE DEVICES USING ACTIVE QUEUE MANAGEMENT (AQM), BASED ON ONE OR MORE TCP STATE CONDITIONSJanuary 2017May 2019Allow2810YesNo
15418420Broadcast and Multicast in a Wireless Communication System in a Wireless Communication NetworkJanuary 2017October 2019Allow3320YesNo
15418390WIRELESS RELAY RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) INTERFERENCE MANAGEMENTJanuary 2017October 2019Allow3300YesNo
15418383HYBRID AUTOMATIC REPEAT REQUESTS IN A WIRELESS DEVICE AND WIRELESS NETWORKJanuary 2017July 2019Allow3010YesNo
15418375POWER CONTROL IN A WIRELESS DEVICE AND WIRELESS NETWORKJanuary 2017September 2019Allow3110YesNo
15418256Star Topology Fixed Wireless Access NetworkJanuary 2017November 2023Abandon6040YesYes
15418303High Frequency Fixed Wireless Access Network Using Multi Spatial Stream WifiJanuary 2017December 2023Abandon6040YesYes
15418082PACKET PROCESSING METHOD FOR VIRTUAL SWITCHJanuary 2017August 2019Allow3110YesNo
15418317Nodes for High Frequency Fixed Wireless Access NetworkJanuary 2017December 2023Allow6040YesYes
15418370DOWNLINK CONTROL INFORMATION IN A WIRELESS DEVICE AND WIRELESS NETWORKJanuary 2017June 2019Allow2910YesNo
14981992WAKE-ON-FRAME FOR FRAME PROCESSING DEVICESDecember 2015October 2021Allow6020YesYes
14927479ARCHITECTURE FOR A NETWORK VISIBILITY SYSTEMOctober 2015September 2020Allow5950YesNo
14848839DRX CYCLE CONFIGURATION IN DUAL CONNECTIVITYSeptember 2015March 2019Abandon4220YesNo
14848586TECHNIQUES FOR EXCHANGING CONTROL AND CONFIGURATION INFORMATION IN A NETWORK VISIBILITY SYSTEMSeptember 2015April 2020Allow5650YesNo
14848645TECHNIQUES FOR EFFICIENTLY PROGRAMMING FORWARDING RULES IN A NETWORK SYSTEMSeptember 2015June 2020Abandon5740YesNo
14849216METHOD OF ENHANCING UPLINK TRANSMISSION HANDLING IN A DISCONTINUOUS RECEPTION (DRX) MODE OF A USER EQUIPMENTSeptember 2015April 2019Abandon4320YesNo
14849258PROACTIVE INFRASTRUCTURE FAULT, ROOT CAUSE, AND IMPACT MANAGEMENTSeptember 2015February 2020Abandon5440NoNo
14847802SWITCHING BETWEEN UNICAST STREAMS AND A MULTICAST STREAM BASED ON CONTENT DEMANDSeptember 2015August 2019Allow4740YesNo
14847739SCHEDULING REQUEST MODES FOR ENHANCED COMPONENT CARRIERSSeptember 2015April 2020Allow5550YesNo
14847740INFORMATION PROCESSING APPARATUS, INFORMATION PROCESSING METHOD, AND NON-TRANSITORY COMPUTER READABLE MEDIUMSeptember 2015August 2019Abandon4840NoNo

Appeals Overview

This analysis examines appeal outcomes and the strategic value of filing appeals for examiner HOUSHMAND, HOOMAN.

Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB) Decisions

Total PTAB Decisions
36
Examiner Affirmed
19
(52.8%)
Examiner Reversed
17
(47.2%)
Reversal Percentile
69.1%
Higher than average

What This Means

With a 47.2% reversal rate, the PTAB reverses the examiner's rejections in a meaningful percentage of cases. This reversal rate is above the USPTO average, indicating that appeals have better success here than typical.

Strategic Value of Filing an Appeal

Total Appeal Filings
96
Allowed After Appeal Filing
30
(31.2%)
Not Allowed After Appeal Filing
66
(68.8%)
Filing Benefit Percentile
47.7%
Lower than average

Understanding Appeal Filing Strategy

Filing a Notice of Appeal can sometimes lead to allowance even before the appeal is fully briefed or decided by the PTAB. This occurs when the examiner or their supervisor reconsiders the rejection during the mandatory appeal conference (MPEP § 1207.01) after the appeal is filed.

In this dataset, 31.2% of applications that filed an appeal were subsequently allowed. This appeal filing benefit rate is below the USPTO average, suggesting that filing an appeal has limited effectiveness in prompting favorable reconsideration.

Strategic Recommendations

Appeals to PTAB show good success rates. If you have a strong case on the merits, consider fully prosecuting the appeal to a Board decision.

Filing a Notice of Appeal shows limited benefit. Consider other strategies like interviews or amendments before appealing.

Examiner HOUSHMAND, HOOMAN - Prosecution Strategy Guide

Executive Summary

Examiner HOUSHMAND, HOOMAN works in Art Unit 2465 and has examined 287 patent applications in our dataset. With an allowance rate of 53.3%, this examiner allows applications at a lower rate than most examiners at the USPTO. Applications typically reach final disposition in approximately 53 months.

Allowance Patterns

Examiner HOUSHMAND, HOOMAN's allowance rate of 53.3% places them in the 14% percentile among all USPTO examiners. This examiner is less likely to allow applications than most examiners at the USPTO.

Office Action Patterns

On average, applications examined by HOUSHMAND, HOOMAN receive 3.31 office actions before reaching final disposition. This places the examiner in the 92% percentile for office actions issued. This examiner issues more office actions than most examiners, which may indicate thorough examination or difficulty in reaching agreement with applicants.

Prosecution Timeline

The median time to disposition (half-life) for applications examined by HOUSHMAND, HOOMAN is 53 months. This places the examiner in the 3% percentile for prosecution speed. Applications take longer to reach final disposition with this examiner compared to most others.

Interview Effectiveness

Conducting an examiner interview provides a +20.0% benefit to allowance rate for applications examined by HOUSHMAND, HOOMAN. This interview benefit is in the 64% percentile among all examiners. Recommendation: Interviews provide an above-average benefit with this examiner and are worth considering.

Request for Continued Examination (RCE) Effectiveness

When applicants file an RCE with this examiner, 15.2% of applications are subsequently allowed. This success rate is in the 11% percentile among all examiners. Strategic Insight: RCEs show lower effectiveness with this examiner compared to others. Consider whether a continuation application might be more strategic, especially if you need to add new matter or significantly broaden claims.

After-Final Amendment Practice

This examiner enters after-final amendments leading to allowance in 20.4% of cases where such amendments are filed. This entry rate is in the 25% percentile among all examiners. Strategic Recommendation: This examiner shows below-average receptiveness to after-final amendments. You may need to file an RCE or appeal rather than relying on after-final amendment entry.

Pre-Appeal Conference Effectiveness

When applicants request a pre-appeal conference (PAC) with this examiner, 76.6% result in withdrawal of the rejection or reopening of prosecution. This success rate is in the 61% percentile among all examiners. Strategic Recommendation: Pre-appeal conferences show above-average effectiveness with this examiner. If you have strong arguments, a PAC request may result in favorable reconsideration.

Appeal Withdrawal and Reconsideration

This examiner withdraws rejections or reopens prosecution in 60.4% of appeals filed. This is in the 37% percentile among all examiners. Of these withdrawals, 47.3% occur early in the appeal process (after Notice of Appeal but before Appeal Brief). Strategic Insight: This examiner shows below-average willingness to reconsider rejections during appeals. Be prepared to fully prosecute appeals if filed.

Petition Practice

When applicants file petitions regarding this examiner's actions, 113.0% are granted (fully or in part). This grant rate is in the 94% percentile among all examiners. Strategic Note: Petitions are frequently granted regarding this examiner's actions compared to other examiners. Per MPEP § 1002.02(c), various examiner actions are petitionable to the Technology Center Director, including prematureness of final rejection, refusal to enter amendments, and requirement for information. If you believe an examiner action is improper, consider filing a petition.

Examiner Cooperation and Flexibility

Examiner's Amendments: This examiner makes examiner's amendments in 5.9% of allowed cases (in the 88% percentile). Per MPEP § 1302.04, examiner's amendments are used to place applications in condition for allowance when only minor changes are needed. This examiner frequently uses this tool compared to other examiners, indicating a cooperative approach to getting applications allowed. Strategic Insight: If you are close to allowance but minor claim amendments are needed, this examiner may be willing to make an examiner's amendment rather than requiring another round of prosecution.

Quayle Actions: This examiner issues Ex Parte Quayle actions in 0.0% of allowed cases (in the 20% percentile). This examiner rarely issues Quayle actions compared to other examiners. Allowances typically come directly without a separate action for formal matters.

Prosecution Strategy Recommendations

Based on the statistical analysis of this examiner's prosecution patterns, here are tailored strategic recommendations:

  • Prepare for rigorous examination: With a below-average allowance rate, ensure your application has strong written description and enablement support. Consider filing a continuation if you need to add new matter.
  • Expect multiple rounds of prosecution: This examiner issues more office actions than average. Address potential issues proactively in your initial response and consider requesting an interview early in prosecution.
  • Plan for extended prosecution: Applications take longer than average with this examiner. Factor this into your continuation strategy and client communications.
  • Examiner cooperation: This examiner frequently makes examiner's amendments to place applications in condition for allowance. If you are close to allowance, the examiner may help finalize the claims.

Relevant MPEP Sections for Prosecution Strategy

  • MPEP § 713.10: Examiner interviews - available before Notice of Allowance or transfer to PTAB
  • MPEP § 714.12: After-final amendments - may be entered "under justifiable circumstances"
  • MPEP § 1002.02(c): Petitionable matters to Technology Center Director
  • MPEP § 1004: Actions requiring primary examiner signature (allowances, final rejections, examiner's answers)
  • MPEP § 1207.01: Appeal conferences - mandatory for all appeals
  • MPEP § 1214.07: Reopening prosecution after appeal

Important Disclaimer

Not Legal Advice: The information provided in this report is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. You should consult with a qualified patent attorney or agent for advice specific to your situation.

No Guarantees: We do not provide any guarantees as to the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the statistics presented above. Patent prosecution statistics are derived from publicly available USPTO data and are subject to data quality limitations, processing errors, and changes in USPTO practices over time.

Limitation of Liability: Under no circumstances will IronCrow AI be liable for any outcome, decision, or action resulting from your reliance on the statistics, analysis, or recommendations presented in this report. Past prosecution patterns do not guarantee future results.

Use at Your Own Risk: While we strive to provide accurate and useful prosecution statistics, you should independently verify any information that is material to your prosecution strategy and use your professional judgment in all patent prosecution matters.