Detailed information about the 100 most recent patent applications.
| Application Number | Title | Filing Date | Disposal Date | Disposition | Time (months) | Office Actions | Restrictions | Interview | Appeal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 19036915 | ANTIBODIES THAT BIND TNFRSF25 | January 2025 | April 2025 | Allow | 3 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 19032739 | MUSCLE TARGETING COMPLEXES AND USES THEREOF FOR TREATING DYSTROPHINOPATHIES | January 2025 | April 2025 | Allow | 3 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 19032782 | MUSCLE TARGETING COMPLEXES AND USES THEREOF FOR TREATING DYSTROPHINOPATHIES | January 2025 | April 2025 | Allow | 3 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18987178 | ANTI-CD161 ANTIBODIES AND USES THEREOF | December 2024 | February 2025 | Allow | 2 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18905034 | TL1A ASSOCIATED ANTIBODY COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF USE | October 2024 | April 2025 | Allow | 6 | 0 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 18805883 | MUSCLE TARGETING COMPLEXES AND USES THEREOF FOR TREATING DYSTROPHINOPATHIES | August 2024 | December 2024 | Allow | 4 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18805937 | MUSCLE TARGETING COMPLEXES AND USES THEREOF FOR TREATING DYSTROPHINOPATHIES | August 2024 | December 2024 | Allow | 4 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18793279 | ANTIBODIES TARGETING CCR2 | August 2024 | September 2024 | Allow | 2 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18656234 | ANTIBODIES AND ANTIBODY-DRUG CONJUGATES TARGETING CLAUDIN 6 | May 2024 | August 2024 | Allow | 3 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18618626 | Bispecific Constructs for Target and Complement Engagement | March 2024 | January 2025 | Allow | 10 | 2 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 18609032 | MUSCLE TARGETING COMPLEXES AND USES THEREOF FOR TREATING MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY | March 2024 | July 2024 | Allow | 4 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18590865 | SIRP ALPHA, SIRP BETA 1, AND SIRP GAMMA ANTIBODIES AND USES THEREOF | February 2024 | August 2024 | Allow | 6 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18582950 | ANTI-CD161 ANTIBODIES AND USES THEREOF | February 2024 | September 2024 | Allow | 7 | 0 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 18495086 | MUSCLE TARGETING COMPLEXES AND USES THEREOF FOR TREATING FACIOSCAPULOHUMERAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY | October 2023 | February 2024 | Allow | 3 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18457239 | FUSOBACTERIUM NUCLEATUM AMYLOID-LIKE FADA FOR DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF FN-MEDIATED PATHOGENESIS | August 2023 | February 2024 | Allow | 6 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18449190 | METHOD | August 2023 | April 2024 | Allow | 8 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18330367 | TIM-3-TARGETING ANTIBODIES AND USES THEREOF | June 2023 | June 2024 | Allow | 12 | 2 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 18329781 | MUSCLE TARGETING COMPLEXES AND USES THEREOF FOR TREATING FACIOSCAPULOHUMERAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY | June 2023 | September 2023 | Allow | 4 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18184120 | BINDING AGENTS BINDING TO EPCAM AND CD137 | March 2023 | April 2025 | Allow | 25 | 4 | 1 | Yes | Yes |
| 18121975 | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PURIFICATION OF BLOOD FROM CIRCULATING CELL FREE DNA | March 2023 | August 2023 | Allow | 5 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18006528 | IL2RB BINDING MOLECULES AND METHODS OF USE | January 2023 | October 2023 | Allow | 9 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18006525 | IL2RG BINDING MOLECULES AND METHODS OF USE | January 2023 | October 2023 | Allow | 9 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18157800 | ANTI- GPRC5D ANTIBODIES, BISPECIFIC ANTIGEN BINDING MOLECULES THAT BIND GPRC5D AND CD3, AND USES THEREOF | January 2023 | September 2023 | Allow | 7 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18092673 | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PURIFICATION OF BLOOD FROM CIRCULATING CELL FREE DNA | January 2023 | May 2023 | Allow | 4 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18063797 | MUSCLE TARGETING COMPLEXES AND USES THEREOF FOR TREATING FACIOSCAPULOHUMERAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY | December 2022 | April 2023 | Allow | 4 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18063795 | MUSCLE TARGETING COMPLEXES AND USES THEREOF FOR TREATING FACIOSCAPULOHUMERAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY | December 2022 | February 2023 | Allow | 2 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18000249 | ANTI-NME ANTIBODY AND METHOD OF TREATING CANCER OR CANCER METASTASIS | November 2022 | March 2024 | Allow | 15 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17967418 | Multispecific Antigen-Binding Molecules for Cell Targeting and Uses Thereof | October 2022 | December 2023 | Allow | 14 | 2 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 18045093 | ANTI-TREM2 ANTIBODIES AND RELATED METHODS | October 2022 | February 2025 | Allow | 29 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17934303 | ANTIGEN BINDING PROTEINS SPECIFICALLY BINDING PRAME | September 2022 | August 2023 | Allow | 11 | 1 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 17930621 | METHODS FOR DETERMINING AND ACHIEVING THERAPEUTICALLY EFFECTIVE DOSES OF ANTI-CD47 AGENTS IN TREATMENT OF CANCER | September 2022 | April 2023 | Allow | 7 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17819545 | ANTIBODIES AGAINST N-ACETYLGLUCOSAMINE AND N-ACETYL-GALACTOSAMINE | August 2022 | May 2025 | Allow | 33 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17811606 | MESOTHELIN CHIMERIC ANTIGEN RECEPTOR (CAR) AND ANTIBODY AGAINST PD-L1 INHIBITOR FOR COMBINED USE IN ANTICANCER THERAPY | July 2022 | August 2024 | Allow | 26 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17811380 | MUSCLE TARGETING COMPLEXES AND USES THEREOF FOR TREATING FACIOSCAPULOHUMERAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY | July 2022 | October 2022 | Allow | 3 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17859973 | CHIMERIC ANTIGEN RECEPTORS TARGETING GPRC5D | July 2022 | December 2024 | Allow | 29 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17810377 | ANTI-CD38 BINDING DOMAINS | July 2022 | January 2025 | Allow | 31 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17849467 | ANTIBODIES SPECIFIC FOR FLT3 AND THEIR USES | June 2022 | September 2024 | Allow | 27 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17842351 | ANTI-CSP ANTIBODIES | June 2022 | October 2022 | Allow | 4 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17831245 | ANTI-SIRP-ALPHA ANTIBODIES | June 2022 | October 2022 | Allow | 4 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17663396 | ANTI-FAP ANTIBODIES AND METHODS OF USE | May 2022 | January 2025 | Allow | 32 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17738588 | ANTI-CD47 ANTIBODIES | May 2022 | April 2025 | Abandon | 35 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17716830 | Multispecific Antigen-Binding Molecules for Cell Targeting and Uses Thereof | April 2022 | April 2024 | Allow | 24 | 4 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 17656682 | AGENTS FOR THE TREATMENT OF DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH UNDESIRED CELL PROLIFERATION | March 2022 | January 2025 | Abandon | 33 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17695550 | ANTIBODIES | March 2022 | December 2024 | Allow | 33 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17685029 | ANTI-GPRC5D MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AND USES THEREOF | March 2022 | June 2022 | Allow | 3 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17633797 | Therapeutic Antibodies Against Osteopontin | February 2022 | March 2025 | Allow | 37 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17580248 | T CELL ACTIVATING BISPECIFIC ANTIGEN BINDING MOLECULES | January 2022 | June 2024 | Allow | 29 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17570301 | METHOD | January 2022 | December 2024 | Abandon | 35 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17562166 | BTLA ANTIBODIES | December 2021 | December 2024 | Abandon | 35 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17550288 | ANTIBODIES AGAINST HUMAN CD38 | December 2021 | February 2025 | Allow | 38 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17547101 | ANTI-GLYCAN ANTIBODIES AND USES THEREOF | December 2021 | November 2024 | Abandon | 36 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17531380 | Anti-CD112R Compositions and Methods | November 2021 | July 2024 | Allow | 32 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17528976 | HUMANIZED ANTIBODIES AGAINST C-KIT | November 2021 | May 2024 | Allow | 30 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17502602 | INCREASING RESPONSES TO CHECKPOINT INHIBITORS BY EXTRACORPOREAL APHERESIS | October 2021 | October 2023 | Abandon | 24 | 2 | 1 | No | Yes |
| 17502860 | INCREASING RESPONSES TO CHECKPOINT INHIBITORS BY EXTRACORPOREAL APHERESIS | October 2021 | July 2023 | Abandon | 21 | 3 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 17503025 | INCREASING RESPONSES TO CHECKPOINT INHIBITORS BY EXTRACORPOREAL APHERESIS | October 2021 | July 2023 | Abandon | 21 | 2 | 1 | No | No |
| 17502922 | INCREASING RESPONSES TO CHECKPOINT INHIBITORS BY EXTRACORPOREAL APHERESIS | October 2021 | October 2023 | Abandon | 24 | 2 | 1 | No | Yes |
| 17496263 | Readily Isolated Bispecific Antibodies with Native Immunoglobulin Format | October 2021 | July 2024 | Allow | 34 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17494545 | ANTIBODIES | October 2021 | December 2021 | Allow | 3 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17490606 | ANTI-PDL1 ANTIBODIES, ACTIVATABLE ANTI-PDL1 ANTIBODIES, AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF | September 2021 | September 2024 | Abandon | 35 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17483101 | METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS RELATING TO ANTI-NUCLEOLIN RECOMBINANT IMMUNOAGENTS | September 2021 | November 2024 | Abandon | 38 | 1 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 17469493 | RECOMBINANT POLYCLONAL PROTEINS TARGETING ZIKA AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF | September 2021 | April 2023 | Allow | 19 | 2 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 17402751 | COMBINATION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITOR AND IMMUNOTHERAPY | August 2021 | March 2024 | Abandon | 31 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17395400 | MULTISPECIFIC ANTIGEN-BINDING PROTEINS | August 2021 | March 2024 | Allow | 32 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17392981 | ANTI-NME ANTIBODY AND METHOD OF TREATING CANCER OR CANCER METASTASIS | August 2021 | February 2024 | Allow | 31 | 1 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 17444107 | ANTI-BCMA ANTIBODIES | July 2021 | February 2024 | Abandon | 30 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17386397 | MULTIMERIC CORONAVIRUS BINDING MOLECULES AND USES THEREOF | July 2021 | July 2023 | Abandon | 24 | 4 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17423426 | ANTIBODY AGAINST FACTOR XIA IN ACTIVATED FORM OF COAGULANT FACTOR XI, PREPARATION METHOD THEREFOR AND USE THEREOF | July 2021 | October 2024 | Allow | 39 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17376319 | Combination Therapy of Immunotoxin and Checkpoint Inhibitor | July 2021 | February 2024 | Abandon | 31 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17367077 | RI-LABELED HUMANIZED ANTIBODY | July 2021 | March 2022 | Allow | 9 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17353437 | STEREOTYPIC NEUTRALIZING VH CLONOTYPES AGAINST SARS-COV-2 RBD IN COVID-19 PATIENTS AND THE HEALTHY POPULATION | June 2021 | May 2022 | Abandon | 11 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17311307 | ANTI-CLAUDIN ANTIBODIES AND USES THEREOF | June 2021 | February 2025 | Abandon | 45 | 0 | 1 | No | No |
| 17330168 | BTLA ANTIBODIES | May 2021 | October 2021 | Allow | 5 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17295391 | ANTI-HER2/PD1 BISPECIFIC ANTIBODY | May 2021 | May 2025 | Allow | 48 | 1 | 1 | No | No |
| 17313511 | ANTI-TIM-3 ANTIBODIES, COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING ANTI-TIM-3 ANTIBODIES AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING ANTI-TIM-3 ANTIBODIES | May 2021 | September 2023 | Abandon | 28 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17246771 | T CELL RECRUITING POLYPEPTIDES BASED ON CD3 REACTIVITY | May 2021 | March 2025 | Allow | 46 | 1 | 1 | No | No |
| 17306051 | BISPECIFIC ANTIBODY CONSTRUCTS FOR CDH3 AND CD3 | May 2021 | October 2023 | Allow | 29 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17243362 | ANTI-TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR ANTIBODIES AND USES THEREOF | April 2021 | September 2023 | Allow | 28 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 17240944 | ANTI-TIGIT ANTIBODIES AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF | April 2021 | January 2024 | Abandon | 32 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 17229534 | TRANSPLANT TOLERANCE INDUCTION WITH CARBODIIMIDE TREATED TOLERIZING VACCINE | April 2021 | June 2025 | Allow | 50 | 1 | 1 | No | No |
| 17229130 | NOVEL POLYPEPTIDES | April 2021 | March 2023 | Allow | 23 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17225953 | AN IMMUNOTOXIN FOR TREATING CANCER | April 2021 | March 2023 | Allow | 23 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17283229 | ANTI-SYNUCLEIN ANTIBODIES | April 2021 | September 2024 | Abandon | 41 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17221378 | METHODS OF PROTEIN PRODUCTION | April 2021 | June 2025 | Allow | 50 | 2 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17220387 | CHIMERIC ANTIGEN RECEPTOR CELLS FOR TREATING SOLID TUMOR | April 2021 | June 2021 | Allow | 3 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17213588 | BI-SPECIFIC FUSION PROTEINS FOR DEPLETION OF REGULATORY T CELLS | March 2021 | August 2024 | Abandon | 40 | 2 | 1 | No | No |
| 17277909 | HUMAN PD-L1 ANTIBODIES | March 2021 | August 2021 | Allow | 5 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17203650 | ANTI-GLYCAN ANTIBODIES AND USES THEREOF | March 2021 | September 2021 | Allow | 6 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17187399 | AUTO/ALLO-IMMUNE DEFENSE RECEPTORS FOR THE SELECTIVE TARGETING OF ACTIVATED PATHOGENIC T CELLS AND NK CELLS | February 2021 | May 2025 | Abandon | 50 | 1 | 1 | No | No |
| 17176096 | INCREASING RESPONSES TO CHECKPOINT INHIBITORS BY EXTRACORPOREAL APHERESIS | February 2021 | July 2023 | Abandon | 29 | 4 | 1 | No | No |
| 17175503 | INCREASING RESPONSES TO CHECKPOINT INHIBITORS BY EXTRACORPOREAL APHERESIS | February 2021 | July 2023 | Allow | 29 | 5 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 17173716 | ANTIBODIES TARGETING B-CELL MATURATION ANTIGEN AND METHODS OF USE | February 2021 | March 2023 | Allow | 25 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17165760 | TRISPECIFIC BINDING PROTEINS AND METHODS OF USE | February 2021 | April 2024 | Allow | 39 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17261463 | Anti-CD112R Compositions and Methods | January 2021 | September 2021 | Allow | 8 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17133413 | ANTI-TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR ANTIBODIES AND USES THEREOF | December 2020 | March 2021 | Allow | 3 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17253276 | ANTI-CD37 ANTIBODIES AND ANTI-CD20 ANTIBODIES, COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF | December 2020 | December 2024 | Allow | 48 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17125601 | METHODS USING MONOVALENT ANTIGEN BINDING CONSTRUCTS TARGETING HER2 | December 2020 | February 2023 | Allow | 26 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17119207 | METHODS OF TREATING CANCER IN SUBJECTS HAVING DYSREGULATED LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS | December 2020 | July 2021 | Allow | 7 | 2 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 17118974 | TRISPECIFIC INHIBITORS FOR CANCER TREATMENT | December 2020 | June 2023 | Abandon | 30 | 0 | 1 | No | No |
| 17095102 | ANTIBODY AND PROTEIN FORMULATIONS | November 2020 | July 2023 | Abandon | 32 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
This analysis examines appeal outcomes and the strategic value of filing appeals for examiner NATARAJAN, MEERA.
With a 33.3% reversal rate, the PTAB reverses the examiner's rejections in a meaningful percentage of cases. This reversal rate is below the USPTO average, indicating that appeals face more challenges here than typical.
Filing a Notice of Appeal can sometimes lead to allowance even before the appeal is fully briefed or decided by the PTAB. This occurs when the examiner or their supervisor reconsiders the rejection during the mandatory appeal conference (MPEP § 1207.01) after the appeal is filed.
In this dataset, 17.2% of applications that filed an appeal were subsequently allowed. This appeal filing benefit rate is in the bottom 25% across the USPTO, indicating that filing appeals is less effective here than in most other areas.
⚠ Appeals to PTAB face challenges. Ensure your case has strong merit before committing to full Board review.
⚠ Filing a Notice of Appeal shows limited benefit. Consider other strategies like interviews or amendments before appealing.
Examiner NATARAJAN, MEERA works in Art Unit 1643 and has examined 911 patent applications in our dataset. With an allowance rate of 64.0%, this examiner allows applications at a lower rate than most examiners at the USPTO. Applications typically reach final disposition in approximately 33 months.
Examiner NATARAJAN, MEERA's allowance rate of 64.0% places them in the 17% percentile among all USPTO examiners. This examiner is less likely to allow applications than most examiners at the USPTO.
On average, applications examined by NATARAJAN, MEERA receive 1.54 office actions before reaching final disposition. This places the examiner in the 39% percentile for office actions issued. This examiner issues fewer office actions than average, which may indicate efficient prosecution or a more lenient examination style.
The median time to disposition (half-life) for applications examined by NATARAJAN, MEERA is 33 months. This places the examiner in the 26% percentile for prosecution speed. Prosecution timelines are slightly slower than average with this examiner.
Conducting an examiner interview provides a +21.1% benefit to allowance rate for applications examined by NATARAJAN, MEERA. This interview benefit is in the 70% percentile among all examiners. Recommendation: Interviews provide an above-average benefit with this examiner and are worth considering.
When applicants file an RCE with this examiner, 30.5% of applications are subsequently allowed. This success rate is in the 52% percentile among all examiners. Strategic Insight: RCEs show above-average effectiveness with this examiner. Consider whether your amendments or new arguments are strong enough to warrant an RCE versus filing a continuation.
This examiner enters after-final amendments leading to allowance in 55.1% of cases where such amendments are filed. This entry rate is in the 77% percentile among all examiners. Strategic Recommendation: This examiner is highly receptive to after-final amendments compared to other examiners. Per MPEP § 714.12, after-final amendments may be entered "under justifiable circumstances." Consider filing after-final amendments with a clear showing of allowability rather than immediately filing an RCE, as this examiner frequently enters such amendments.
When applicants request a pre-appeal conference (PAC) with this examiner, 40.0% result in withdrawal of the rejection or reopening of prosecution. This success rate is in the 34% percentile among all examiners. Note: Pre-appeal conferences show below-average success with this examiner. Consider whether your arguments are strong enough to warrant a PAC request.
This examiner withdraws rejections or reopens prosecution in 78.0% of appeals filed. This is in the 66% percentile among all examiners. Of these withdrawals, 75.0% occur early in the appeal process (after Notice of Appeal but before Appeal Brief). Strategic Insight: This examiner shows above-average willingness to reconsider rejections during appeals. The mandatory appeal conference (MPEP § 1207.01) provides an opportunity for reconsideration.
When applicants file petitions regarding this examiner's actions, 46.7% are granted (fully or in part). This grant rate is in the 53% percentile among all examiners. Strategic Note: Petitions show above-average success regarding this examiner's actions. Petitionable matters include restriction requirements (MPEP § 1002.02(c)(2)) and various procedural issues.
Examiner's Amendments: This examiner makes examiner's amendments in 7.2% of allowed cases (in the 93% percentile). Per MPEP § 1302.04, examiner's amendments are used to place applications in condition for allowance when only minor changes are needed. This examiner frequently uses this tool compared to other examiners, indicating a cooperative approach to getting applications allowed. Strategic Insight: If you are close to allowance but minor claim amendments are needed, this examiner may be willing to make an examiner's amendment rather than requiring another round of prosecution.
Quayle Actions: This examiner issues Ex Parte Quayle actions in 0.0% of allowed cases (in the 2% percentile). This examiner rarely issues Quayle actions compared to other examiners. Allowances typically come directly without a separate action for formal matters.
Based on the statistical analysis of this examiner's prosecution patterns, here are tailored strategic recommendations:
Not Legal Advice: The information provided in this report is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. You should consult with a qualified patent attorney or agent for advice specific to your situation.
No Guarantees: We do not provide any guarantees as to the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the statistics presented above. Patent prosecution statistics are derived from publicly available USPTO data and are subject to data quality limitations, processing errors, and changes in USPTO practices over time.
Limitation of Liability: Under no circumstances will IronCrow AI be liable for any outcome, decision, or action resulting from your reliance on the statistics, analysis, or recommendations presented in this report. Past prosecution patterns do not guarantee future results.
Use at Your Own Risk: While we strive to provide accurate and useful prosecution statistics, you should independently verify any information that is material to your prosecution strategy and use your professional judgment in all patent prosecution matters.