Detailed information about the 100 most recent patent applications.
| Application Number | Title | Filing Date | Disposal Date | Disposition | Time (months) | Office Actions | Restrictions | Interview | Appeal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 19013872 | METHOD FOR PREPARING UNIFORMLY-CURED SOLID LOADING TIRES FROM HIGH-MODULUS GRAPHENE OXIDE/NATURAL RUBBER COMPOSITE | January 2025 | April 2025 | Allow | 4 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18879576 | AQUEOUS INKJET INK AND PRINTED MATTER | December 2024 | June 2025 | Allow | 6 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 19000795 | HYPOALLERGENIC ASPARTIC RESIN COMPLEX AND PREPARATION PROCESS THEREOF | December 2024 | April 2025 | Allow | 4 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18991890 | SPRAYING LIQUID CAR COVER FILM COMPOSITION, SPRAYING CAR COVER FILM AND PREPARATION METHOD FOR SPRAYING CAR COVER FILM | December 2024 | March 2025 | Allow | 3 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18966066 | HIGH-TEMPERATURE RESISTANT, PEELABLE AND ANTI-CORROSION COATING, PREPARATION METHOD THEREFOR AND APPLICATION THEREOF | December 2024 | March 2025 | Allow | 4 | 0 | 1 | No | No |
| 18960442 | ETHYLENICALLY UNSATURATED COMPOUNDS, METHODS FOR THEIR PREPARATION, AND THE USE THEREOF IN COATING COMPOSITIONS | November 2024 | May 2025 | Allow | 6 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18869578 | MODIFIED STYRENIC RESINS THROUGH HYDROGENATION | November 2024 | April 2025 | Allow | 4 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18868630 | NOVEL POLYMER AND METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION THEREOF | November 2024 | May 2025 | Allow | 5 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18950455 | COMPOUND FOR ORGANIC ELECTRONIC ELEMENT, ORGANIC ELECTRONIC ELEMENT USING THE SAME, AND AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE THEREOF | November 2024 | April 2025 | Allow | 5 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18939676 | SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR CHROMIUM CATALYST ACTIVATION | November 2024 | May 2025 | Allow | 7 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18857654 | CONDUCTIVE COATING MATERIAL AND CIRCUIT FORMER | October 2024 | June 2025 | Allow | 8 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18918298 | HIGH POROSITY FLUORIDED SILICA-COATED ALUMINA ACTIVATOR-SUPPORTS AND USES THEREOF IN METALLOCENE-BASED CATALYST SYSTEMS FOR OLEFIN POLYMERIZATION | October 2024 | February 2025 | Allow | 4 | 0 | 1 | No | No |
| 18915838 | ACID TREATMENT METHOD FOR MAKING BIODERIVED WEARABLE FILM | October 2024 | January 2025 | Allow | 3 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18856752 | METHOD FOR PREPARING STYRENE-ACRYLATE SILOXANE INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORK COMPOSITE EMULSION | October 2024 | March 2025 | Allow | 5 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18853771 | Dental Composition Containing a Resorcinol or Catechol Moiety Containing Component and Use Thereof | October 2024 | February 2025 | Allow | 4 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18847967 | HIGH FLOW POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITION FOR INJECTION MOULDING APPLICATIONS | September 2024 | May 2025 | Allow | 7 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18829679 | PROCESSES FOR CONVERTING C4 FEEDS TO ISOBUTYLENE,POLYISOBUTYLENE, OR DERIVATIVES THEREOF | September 2024 | February 2025 | Allow | 5 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18845809 | Process For the Production of Grafted Polyethylene and Grafted Polyethylene | September 2024 | February 2025 | Allow | 6 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18844176 | BARRIER LAMINATE AND PACKAGING BAG | September 2024 | March 2025 | Allow | 7 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18824209 | DOUBLE-CROSSLINKED THERMAL PHASE TRANSITION GEL TEMPORARY PLUGGING AGENT AND APPLICATION THEREOF | September 2024 | November 2024 | Allow | 2 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18815736 | POWDER COATING FORMULATIONS AND METHODS THEREOF | August 2024 | May 2025 | Allow | 9 | 1 | 1 | No | No |
| 18814915 | COMPOUND FOR ORGANIC ELECTRONIC ELEMENT, ORGANIC ELECTRONIC ELEMENT USING THE SAME, AND AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE THEREOF | August 2024 | October 2024 | Allow | 2 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18814978 | COMPOUND FOR ORGANIC ELECTRONIC ELEMENT, ORGANIC ELECTRONIC ELEMENT USING THE SAME, AND AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE THEREOF | August 2024 | February 2025 | Allow | 6 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18807918 | FULLY BIO-BASED, HIGHLY FILLED LIGNIN-RUBBER MASTERBATCH, METHOD FOR PREPARING SAME, AND USE THEREOF | August 2024 | January 2025 | Allow | 5 | 0 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 18800207 | Methods for Making Supported Chromium Catalysts with Increased Polymerization Activity | August 2024 | March 2025 | Allow | 7 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18796384 | NANOPARTICLE LAYER SOLAR CELL | August 2024 | September 2024 | Allow | 2 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18796390 | MESOSCOPIC INVERTED PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELL | August 2024 | September 2024 | Allow | 2 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18796400 | PLANAR INVERTED PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELL | August 2024 | October 2024 | Allow | 2 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18786746 | METHOD FOR MAKING BIODEGRADABLE WEARABLE FILM | July 2024 | October 2024 | Allow | 2 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18780799 | POLYOLEFIN POLYMER AND POLYOLEFIN POLYMERIZATION SYSTEM AND METHOD | July 2024 | February 2025 | Allow | 7 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18832032 | HIGH-CAPACITY SUPERABSORBENT MATERIALS AND METHODS OF MAKING SAME | July 2024 | October 2024 | Allow | 3 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18769991 | ELECTROCHROMIC BLOCK COPOLYMERS AND DEVICES MADE WITH SUCH COPOLYMERS | July 2024 | March 2025 | Allow | 8 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18763347 | SEMICONDUCTOR NANOPARTICLE COMPLEX, SEMICONDUCTOR NANOPARTICLE COMPLEX DISPERSION LIQUID, SEMICONDUCTOR NANOPARTICLE COMPLEX COMPOSITION, AND SEMICONDUCTOR NANOPARTICLE COMPLEX CURED FILM | July 2024 | May 2025 | Allow | 10 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18761449 | FLUORINATED ETHER COMPOUND, FLUORINATED ETHER COMPOSITION, COATING LIQUID AND ARTICLE | July 2024 | June 2025 | Allow | 11 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18726196 | GLASS COMPOSITION FOR GLASS FIBERS, GLASS FIBERS, WOVEN GLASS FIBER FABRIC, AND GLASS-FIBER-REINFORCED RESIN COMPOSITION | July 2024 | February 2025 | Allow | 7 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18722355 | CLEAR COATING COMPOSITION AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING COATED ARTICLE | June 2024 | February 2025 | Allow | 8 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18746848 | FUNCTIONAL OLIGOMERS AND FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS INCLUDING HYDROXYLATED POLYMERS AND CONJUGATES THEREOF AND USES THEREOF | June 2024 | March 2025 | Allow | 9 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18746829 | ETHYLENE PROPYLENE DIENE MONOMER (EPDM) AND NONCONJUGATED DIENE COPOLYMERS AND METHODS FOR MAKING SAME | June 2024 | March 2025 | Allow | 9 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18746317 | COMPOUND FOR ORGANIC ELECTRONIC ELEMENT, ORGANIC ELECTRONIC ELEMENT USING THE SAME, AND AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE THEREOF | June 2024 | December 2024 | Allow | 6 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18744695 | HIGH-TEMPERATURE-RESISTANT DEEP PENETRATION MOLECULAR MEMBRANE ACID COPOLYMERS AND PREPARATION METHODS THEREOF | June 2024 | November 2024 | Allow | 5 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18741904 | COMPOUND FOR ORGANIC ELECTRONIC ELEMENT, ORGANIC ELECTRONIC ELEMENT USING THE SAME, AND AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE THEREOF | June 2024 | December 2024 | Allow | 6 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18719742 | Terpolymers for Lipid Nanodisc Formation | June 2024 | May 2025 | Allow | 11 | 2 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18738432 | PROCESSES FOR CONVERTING C4 FEEDS TO ISOBUTYLENE,POLYISOBUTYLENE, OR DERIVATIVES THEREOF | June 2024 | August 2024 | Allow | 2 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18734299 | NICKEL CATALYSTS WITH SINGLE ALKALI IONS FOR HOMOPOLYMERIZATION AND COPOLYMERIZATION | June 2024 | May 2025 | Allow | 11 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18715737 | SILVER POWDER, METHOD OF PRODUCING SILVER POWDER, AND CONDUCTIVE PASTE | June 2024 | May 2025 | Allow | 12 | 0 | 1 | No | No |
| 18679904 | SCUFF AND MAR RESISTANT COATING COMPOSITIONS | May 2024 | November 2024 | Allow | 6 | 0 | 1 | No | No |
| 18677122 | ORGANIC ELECTRONIC ELEMENT COMPRISING COMPOUND FOR ORGANIC ELECTRONIC ELEMENT AND AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE THEREOF | May 2024 | November 2024 | Allow | 6 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18667965 | TOOTHED BELT | May 2024 | November 2024 | Allow | 6 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18665156 | COMPOUND FOR ORGANIC ELECTRONIC ELEMENT, ORGANIC ELECTRONIC ELEMENT USING THE SAME, AND AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE THEREOF | May 2024 | July 2024 | Allow | 2 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18663194 | Dual Catalyst System for Producing LLDPE and MDPE Copolymers with Long Chain Branching for Film Applications | May 2024 | November 2024 | Allow | 6 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18661631 | BIOMIMETIC NACRE-TOUGHNESS CEMENT SLURRY BASED ON IN-SITU POLYMERIZATION OF FLUID LOSS ADDITIVE, PREPARATION METHOD AND APPLICATION THEREOF | May 2024 | August 2024 | Allow | 3 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18660049 | SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR A TEMPORARY BIOLOGICAL CIRCUIT | May 2024 | March 2025 | Allow | 11 | 1 | 1 | No | No |
| 18659223 | PROCESS FOR MAKING PROPYLENE-BASED TERPOLYMER | May 2024 | March 2025 | Allow | 10 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18707956 | HIGH OPACITY WHITE INK | May 2024 | October 2024 | Allow | 5 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18653248 | COMPOUND FOR ORGANIC ELECTRONIC ELEMENT, ORGANIC ELECTRONIC ELEMENT USING THE SAME, AND AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE THEREOF | May 2024 | July 2024 | Allow | 2 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18651623 | FIRE-CLASS REINFORCED AEROGEL COMPOSITIONS | April 2024 | May 2025 | Allow | 12 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18647895 | BIO-BASED WEARABLE FILMS AND METHOD OF PREPARATION THEREOF | April 2024 | July 2024 | Allow | 3 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18639612 | LIQUID MOLDING COMPOUND AND PREPARATION METHOD THEREOF | April 2024 | May 2024 | Allow | 1 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18632065 | LITHIUM COMPLEX OXIDE | April 2024 | February 2025 | Allow | 11 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18627602 | FUNCTIONALIZATION AND DISPERSION OF CARBON NANOTUBES | April 2024 | June 2025 | Allow | 15 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18624159 | Sodium-Chromium-Titanium-Manganese Phosphate Self-Supporting Electrode Material, and Preparation Method Therefor and Use Thereof | April 2024 | April 2025 | Allow | 12 | 0 | 1 | No | No |
| 18618396 | ADDITIVE-POLYMER COMPOSITE MATERIALS AND METHODS OF FABRICATING THE SAME | March 2024 | November 2024 | Allow | 8 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 18616251 | POLYMER LATEX FOR DIP-MOLDING APPLICATIONS | March 2024 | April 2025 | Allow | 13 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 18615257 | FLUORINATED POLYMERIZATION CATALYSTS AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING THE SAME | March 2024 | February 2025 | Allow | 11 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18693463 | ELECTRODE MATERIAL FOR LITHIUM-ION BATTERY AND Si ALLOY COMPOSITE POWDER | March 2024 | June 2025 | Allow | 15 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18608994 | MULTILAYER CERAMIC CAPACITOR | March 2024 | May 2025 | Allow | 14 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18607174 | METHOD FOR SPLITTING WATER | March 2024 | August 2024 | Allow | 5 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18607276 | ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL WITH CARBON ELECTRODE | March 2024 | June 2024 | Allow | 3 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18606793 | ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL FOR HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN PRODUCTION | March 2024 | June 2024 | Allow | 3 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18605013 | METHOD FOR PREPARING A FUNCTIONALIZED POLYORGANOSILOXANE | March 2024 | June 2025 | Allow | 15 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18604473 | MICROSPHERIC IONOMER HAVING CROSS-LINKED STRUCTURE, PREPARATION METHOD THEREFOR, APPLICATIONS THEREOF, AND PREPARATION SYSTEM THEREOF | March 2024 | September 2024 | Allow | 7 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18604260 | LOW VACANCY Fe-SUBSTITUTED Mn-BASED PRUSSIAN BLUE ANALOGUE | March 2024 | March 2025 | Allow | 12 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18689910 | METHODS OF ADJUSTING CARBON AND SILICA CONTENT IN RICE HULL ASH (RHA) BYPRODUCTS TO CONTROL CARBOTHERMAL REDUCTION FORMING NANOSTRUCTURED SILICON CARBIDE, SILICON NITRIDE, SILICON OXYNITRIDE NANOCOMPOSITES | March 2024 | June 2025 | Allow | 16 | 0 | 1 | No | No |
| 18688274 | DISPERSION OF SURFACE-TREATED SILICA-CONTAINING INORGANIC OXIDE PARTICLES AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME | February 2024 | November 2024 | Allow | 8 | 1 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 18585446 | PROCESSES FOR PREPARING METALLOCENE-BASED CATALYST SYSTEMS FOR THE CONTROL OF LONG CHAIN BRANCH CONTENT | February 2024 | October 2024 | Allow | 8 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 18581136 | HIGHLY RANDOM ADDITION BYPOLYMERS FOR DESTABILIZATION OF COMPLEX EMULSIONS IN CRUDE OIL BLENDS | February 2024 | March 2025 | Allow | 13 | 0 | 1 | No | No |
| 18442470 | POSITIVE ELECTRODE ACTIVE MATERIAL PARTICLE | February 2024 | May 2025 | Allow | 15 | 1 | 1 | No | No |
| 18442450 | POSITIVE ELECTRODE ACTIVE MATERIAL PARTICLE | February 2024 | December 2024 | Allow | 10 | 2 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 18442424 | POSITIVE ELECTRODE ACTIVE MATERIAL PARTICLE | February 2024 | September 2024 | Allow | 7 | 0 | 1 | No | No |
| 18681169 | METHOD FOR PRODUCING SILVER POWDER | February 2024 | September 2024 | Allow | 7 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18425639 | LATEX ADDITIVE FROM RECYCLED PLASTIC | January 2024 | July 2024 | Allow | 6 | 0 | 1 | No | No |
| 18292166 | CONDUCTIVE RUBBER COMPOSITION FOR SENSING | January 2024 | March 2025 | Allow | 13 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18291798 | METAL OXIDE PARTICLE-CONTAINING COMPOSITION WITH REDUCED OCCURRENCE OF VOLATILE ALDEHYDES | January 2024 | May 2025 | Allow | 16 | 1 | 1 | No | No |
| 18291464 | COMPOSITE MATERIAL, AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING SAME | January 2024 | May 2025 | Allow | 16 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18419778 | POLYESTERAMIDES, PROCESSES FOR THE PREPARATION THEREOF, AND POLYESTERAMIDE COMPOSITIONS | January 2024 | April 2025 | Abandon | 14 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 18580481 | CONDUCTIVE PASTE FOR ELECTRODE FORMATION | January 2024 | May 2025 | Allow | 16 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18415809 | HIGH POROSITY FLUORIDED SILICA-COATED ALUMINA ACTIVATOR-SUPPORTS AND USES THEREOF IN METALLOCENE-BASED CATALYST SYSTEMS FOR OLEFIN POLYMERIZATION | January 2024 | July 2024 | Allow | 6 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18413635 | COMPOUND FOR ORGANIC ELECTRONIC ELEMENT, ORGANIC ELECTRONIC ELEMENT USING THE SAME, AND AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE THEREOF | January 2024 | June 2024 | Allow | 5 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18408166 | METHOD OF FABRICATING CARBON QUANTUM DOTS USING CAMEL HAIR | January 2024 | December 2024 | Allow | 11 | 1 | 1 | No | No |
| 18404978 | PROCESS FOR PREPARING PARTICLES OF POLYPHENYLENE SULFIDE POLYMER | January 2024 | January 2025 | Allow | 13 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18576038 | RUBBER COMPOSITION FOR TIRE | January 2024 | May 2024 | Allow | 5 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18575903 | COMPOSITION AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING A TRANSPARENT THERMOPLASTIC POLYCARBONATE/POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE MOULDING COMPOUND | January 2024 | September 2024 | Allow | 8 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18400450 | POLYUREA-BASED SOLID ELECTROLYTE AND PREPARATION METHOD THEREOF | December 2023 | March 2024 | Allow | 3 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18401204 | LOW VACANCY Fe-SUBSTITUTED Mn-BASED PRUSSIAN BLUE ANALOGUE | December 2023 | March 2025 | Allow | 14 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18400275 | COMPOUND FOR ORGANIC ELECTRONIC ELEMENT, ORGANIC ELECTRONIC ELEMENT USING THE SAME, AND AN ELECTRONIC DEVICE THEREOF | December 2023 | August 2024 | Allow | 7 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18398317 | EMULSION POLYMER COMPOSITIONS AND USE THEREOF IN LOW ODOR WATERPROOFING COATINGS | December 2023 | September 2024 | Allow | 8 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18545261 | WATER ABSORBING, ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE COMPOSITION AND USE OF IT AS A SENSOR FOR EROSION AND/OR CORROSION MONITORING | December 2023 | March 2025 | Allow | 15 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18535534 | HETEROATOM- AND CYCLOALKYL-CONTAINING ORGANIC COMPOUND AND ORGANIC ELECTROLUMINESCENT DEVICE CONTAINING COMPOUND | December 2023 | September 2024 | Allow | 9 | 2 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18534221 | POLYCYLOOLEFINIC POLYMERS AND ANION EXCHANGE MEMBRANES DERIVED THEREFROM | December 2023 | September 2024 | Allow | 9 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18533570 | COLOR-CHANGE AND ERASABLE WRITING COMPOSITIONS, WRITING INSTRUMENTS, AND SYSTEMS | December 2023 | August 2024 | Allow | 9 | 2 | 0 | Yes | No |
This analysis examines appeal outcomes and the strategic value of filing appeals for art-unit 1762.
With a 21.4% reversal rate, the PTAB affirms the examiner's rejections in the vast majority of cases. This reversal rate is in the bottom 25% across the USPTO, indicating that appeals face significant challenges here.
Filing a Notice of Appeal can sometimes lead to allowance even before the appeal is fully briefed or decided by the PTAB. This occurs when the examiner or their supervisor reconsiders the rejection during the mandatory appeal conference (MPEP § 1207.01) after the appeal is filed.
In this dataset, 28.7% of applications that filed an appeal were subsequently allowed. This appeal filing benefit rate is below the USPTO average, suggesting that filing an appeal has limited effectiveness in prompting favorable reconsideration.
⚠ Appeals to PTAB face challenges. Ensure your case has strong merit before committing to full Board review.
⚠ Filing a Notice of Appeal shows limited benefit. Consider other strategies like interviews or amendments before appealing.
Art Unit 1762 is part of Group 1760 in Technology Center 1700. This art unit has examined 24,011 patent applications in our dataset, with an overall allowance rate of 77.5%. Applications typically reach final disposition in approximately 26 months.
Art Unit 1762's allowance rate of 77.5% places it in the 50% percentile among all USPTO art units. This art unit has a below-average allowance rate compared to other art units.
Applications in Art Unit 1762 receive an average of 1.64 office actions before reaching final disposition (in the 33% percentile). The median prosecution time is 26 months (in the 68% percentile).
When prosecuting applications in this art unit, consider the following:
Not Legal Advice: The information provided in this report is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. You should consult with a qualified patent attorney or agent for advice specific to your situation.
No Guarantees: We do not provide any guarantees as to the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the statistics presented above. Patent prosecution statistics are derived from publicly available USPTO data and are subject to data quality limitations, processing errors, and changes in USPTO practices over time.
Limitation of Liability: Under no circumstances will IronCrow AI be liable for any outcome, decision, or action resulting from your reliance on the statistics, analysis, or recommendations presented in this report. Past prosecution patterns do not guarantee future results.
Use at Your Own Risk: While we strive to provide accurate and useful prosecution statistics, you should independently verify any information that is material to your prosecution strategy and use your professional judgment in all patent prosecution matters.