Detailed information about the 100 most recent patent applications.
| Application Number | Title | Filing Date | Disposal Date | Disposition | Time (months) | Office Actions | Restrictions | Interview | Appeal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 19234560 | SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR PARKING ELEVATORS | June 2025 | January 2026 | Allow | 7 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18936391 | SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR PARKING ELEVATORS | November 2024 | April 2025 | Allow | 5 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 18766287 | WELDING INFORMATION PROVIDING DEVICE | July 2024 | February 2026 | Abandon | 19 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18757332 | Flexible Tile Partitions | June 2024 | February 2026 | Allow | 19 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18737706 | MATRIX BASED INTRA PREDICTION WITH MODE-GLOBAL SETTINGS | June 2024 | November 2025 | Allow | 17 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18666072 | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTENT-DRIVEN TRANSCODER COORDINATION | May 2024 | June 2025 | Allow | 13 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18658426 | CONTEXT ADAPTIVE BINARY ARITHMETIC CODING METHOD AND DEVICE | May 2024 | April 2025 | Allow | 11 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18658357 | SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR FAST ENCODER SWITCHING | May 2024 | December 2025 | Allow | 19 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 18654328 | VIDEO CODING METHOD AND APPARATUS UTILIZING GROUP OF ENCODING UNITS | May 2024 | January 2025 | Allow | 8 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18649619 | FRAME-RATE SCALABLE VIDEO CODING | April 2024 | December 2024 | Allow | 7 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18649496 | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PROCESSING INTRA-PREDICTION-BASED VIDEO SIGNAL | April 2024 | March 2025 | Allow | 11 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18702730 | CONTEXT-BASED RESHAPING ALGORITHMS FOR ENCODING VIDEO DATA | April 2024 | May 2025 | Allow | 13 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18637613 | STREAMING NEURAL NETWORK VIDEO CODEC SYSTEM AND METHOD | April 2024 | February 2026 | Allow | 22 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18698307 | AI INFERENCE SYSTEM | April 2024 | May 2025 | Allow | 14 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18623344 | DEVICE AND METHOD FOR CODING VIDEO DATA | April 2024 | December 2024 | Allow | 8 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18619622 | SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR OBJECT IDENTIFICATION WITH A CALIBRATED STEREO-VISION SYSTEM | March 2024 | March 2025 | Allow | 12 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18608549 | DEVICE AND METHOD FOR ADAPTIVE QUANTIZATION BASED ON VIDEO CAPTURING MODE | March 2024 | April 2025 | Allow | 13 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18439341 | ANALYTICS-AWARE VIDEO COMPRESSION FOR DECISION MAKING IN TELEOPERATED VEHICLE CONTROL | February 2024 | October 2025 | Allow | 20 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18437114 | METHOD FOR SIGNALING OUTPUT SUBPICTURE LAYER SET | February 2024 | March 2025 | Allow | 13 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18430444 | FRAME-RATE SCALABLE VIDEO CODING | February 2024 | April 2024 | Allow | 2 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18410975 | FRAME-RATE SCALABLE VIDEO CODING | January 2024 | March 2024 | Allow | 2 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18408197 | SMART FRAME RATE REDUCTION | January 2024 | October 2025 | Allow | 21 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18403663 | METHODS AND APPARATUS OF VIDEO CODING FOR TRIANGLE PREDICTION | January 2024 | May 2025 | Allow | 16 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 18402702 | METHODS AND APPARATUS OF VIDEO CODING FOR TRIANGLE PREDICTION | January 2024 | May 2025 | Allow | 16 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 18571714 | METHODS AND APPARATUS TO REDUCE LATENCY DURING VIEWPORT SWITCHING IN IMMERSIVE VIDEO | December 2023 | February 2026 | Allow | 26 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18541106 | IMPROVEMENT FOR INTRA-INTER PREDICTION MODE | December 2023 | December 2024 | Allow | 12 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18532638 | HYBRID SPATIO-TEMPORAL NEURAL MODELS FOR VIDEO COMPRESSION | December 2023 | December 2025 | Allow | 24 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18527103 | BRACKET ASSEMBLY WITH BENDABLE SUBSTRATE | December 2023 | March 2026 | Allow | 27 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 18565008 | TRAINING RATE CONTROL NEURAL NETWORKS THROUGH REINFORCEMENT LEARNING | November 2023 | February 2026 | Allow | 27 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18517328 | Signaling Of Gradual Decoding Refresh And Reference Picture Lists | November 2023 | October 2024 | Allow | 11 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18516148 | METHOD FOR ENCODING IMAGE AND NON-TRANSITORY COMPUTER READABLE STORAGE MEDIUM STORING A BITSTREAM GENERATED BY A METHOD | November 2023 | October 2024 | Allow | 11 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18506669 | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING REFERENCE PICTURE SET OF IMAGE | November 2023 | June 2024 | Allow | 8 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18375284 | SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR SIGNALING SOURCE PICTURE TIMING INFORMATION FOR TEMPORAL SUBLAYERS IN VIDEO CODING | September 2023 | November 2025 | Allow | 26 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 18470976 | VIDEO CODING METHOD AND APPARATUS UTILIZING GROUP OF ENCODING UNITS | September 2023 | February 2024 | Allow | 5 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18243621 | DECODING PROCESSING METHOD AND APPARATUS, COMPUTER DEVICE, AND STORAGE MEDIUM | September 2023 | February 2026 | Allow | 29 | 2 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18458937 | METHODS FOR ENCODING AND DECODING FEATURE DATA, AND DECODER | August 2023 | November 2025 | Allow | 27 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18238909 | PARALLEL ENCODING AND DECODING METHOD AND APPARATUS, COMPUTER DEVICE, AND STORAGE MEDIUM | August 2023 | May 2025 | Allow | 21 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18453277 | REAL-TIME SCREEN SHARING | August 2023 | September 2024 | Abandon | 13 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18235769 | Optimizing Video Coding Using a Deep Learning Model | August 2023 | August 2025 | Allow | 24 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18450627 | DATA PROCESSING METHOD AND APPARATUS, DEVICE, AND READABLE STORAGE MEDIUM | August 2023 | October 2025 | Allow | 26 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18218313 | THREE-DIMENSIONAL DATA ENCODING METHOD, THREE-DIMENSIONAL DATA DECODING METHOD, THREE-DIMENSIONAL DATA ENCODING DEVICE, AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL DATA DECODING DEVICE | July 2023 | December 2024 | Allow | 18 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 18343307 | CROSS RANDOM ACCESS POINT SIGNALING IN VIDEO CODING | June 2023 | November 2024 | Allow | 17 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18209462 | NETWORK BASED IMAGE FILTERING FOR VIDEO CODING | June 2023 | January 2026 | Allow | 31 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 18334306 | FRAME-RATE SCALABLE VIDEO CODING | June 2023 | February 2024 | Allow | 9 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18266677 | VIDEO TRANSCODING METHOD AND APPARATUS, AND ELECTRONIC DEVICE AND STORAGE MEDIUM | June 2023 | February 2025 | Allow | 20 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18256882 | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR VIDEO PREDICTIVE CODING | June 2023 | July 2025 | Allow | 25 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18207638 | POINT CLOUD ENCODING AND DECODING METHODS, ENCODER, DECODER, AND COMPUTER STORAGE MEDIUM | June 2023 | March 2026 | Allow | 33 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 18207582 | SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR TEMPORAL MOTION VECTOR PREDICTION CANDIDATE DERIVATION | June 2023 | September 2024 | Allow | 16 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18207587 | TEMPLATE MATCHING FOR MULTIPLE REFERENCE LINE INTRA PREDICTION | June 2023 | August 2025 | Allow | 26 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18328758 | SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR STRING VIDEO CODING | June 2023 | May 2025 | Allow | 23 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18198061 | VIDEO ENCODING AND DECODING METHOD AND APPARATUS USING SELECTIVE SUBBLOCK SPLIT INFORMATION SIGNALING | May 2023 | October 2024 | Allow | 17 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18196434 | SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR SIGNALING SCALING WINDOW INFORMATION IN VIDEO CODING | May 2023 | April 2024 | Allow | 11 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18136134 | CTU LEVEL INHERITANCE OF CABAC CONTEXT INITIALIZATION | April 2023 | August 2024 | Allow | 16 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18302186 | VIDEO CODING METHOD AND APPARATUS UTILIZING GROUP OF ENCODING UNITS | April 2023 | August 2024 | Allow | 16 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18302625 | EFFICIENT SUB-PIXEL MOTION VECTOR SEARCH FOR HIGH-PERFORMANCE VIDEO ENCODING | April 2023 | October 2024 | Allow | 18 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18193911 | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PROCESSING INTRA-PREDICTION-BASED VIDEO SIGNAL | March 2023 | January 2024 | Allow | 10 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18124646 | DYNAMIC LONGITUDINAL AND LATERAL ADJUSTMENT OF AWARENESS LINES FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLE CAMERA MIRROR SYSTEM | March 2023 | October 2023 | Allow | 7 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18185402 | IMAGE ARRANGEMENT METHOD AND IMAGE PROCESSING SYSTEM | March 2023 | May 2025 | Allow | 26 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 18122692 | INTER CODING FOR ADAPTIVE RESOLUTION VIDEO CODING | March 2023 | June 2025 | Allow | 27 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 18026401 | DEEP PREDICTION REFINEMENT | March 2023 | February 2025 | Allow | 23 | 0 | 1 | No | No |
| 18175988 | METHODS FOR ADAPTIVE SIGNALING OF MAXIMUM NUMBER OF MERGE CANDIDATES IN MULTIPLE HYPOTHESIS PREDICTION | February 2023 | January 2025 | Allow | 23 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18160654 | COMPRESSED TIMESTAMP IN A VIDEOSTREAM | January 2023 | October 2024 | Allow | 21 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18100260 | IMAGE DECODING METHOD, AND DEVICE FOR SAME | January 2023 | April 2024 | Abandon | 15 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18096428 | CONTENT-AWARE, MACHINE-LEARNING-BASED RATE CONTROL | January 2023 | February 2025 | Allow | 25 | 2 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18150649 | EARLY NOTIFICATION FOR A LOW LATENCY VIDEO DECODER | January 2023 | December 2024 | Allow | 23 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18147449 | SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR MULTI-STREAM VIDEO ENCODING | December 2022 | September 2024 | Abandon | 20 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18147266 | Image Compression Method, Apparatus, and Computer-Readable Storage Medium | December 2022 | March 2025 | Allow | 26 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18146172 | FUSION OF VIDEO PREDICTION MODES | December 2022 | February 2025 | Allow | 26 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18079303 | END OF SEQUENCE INDICATION IN CODED VIDEO | December 2022 | July 2024 | Allow | 19 | 3 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17989339 | Signaling Of Gradual Decoding Refresh And Reference Picture Lists | November 2022 | July 2024 | Allow | 20 | 4 | 0 | No | No |
| 17925444 | PICTURE METADATA FOR VARIABLE FRAME-RATE VIDEO | November 2022 | March 2023 | Allow | 4 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17983866 | SUBBLOCK-BASED MOTION VECTOR PREDICTOR WITH MV OFFSET DERIVED BY TEMPLATE MATCHING | November 2022 | December 2024 | Allow | 25 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17978530 | Video Encoding Parallelization With Time-Interleaving Cache Access | November 2022 | August 2024 | Allow | 22 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17974971 | IMAGE CODING METHOD BASED ON TRANSFORM, AND DEVICE THEREFOR | October 2022 | November 2024 | Allow | 25 | 3 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17975546 | METHODS AND APPARATUS OF VIDEO CODING FOR TRIANGLE PREDICTION | October 2022 | November 2023 | Allow | 12 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17937176 | Method and Apparatus of Sample Fetching and Padding for Downsampling Filtering for Cross-Component Linear Model Prediction | September 2022 | October 2025 | Abandon | 37 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 17916474 | IMAGE DECODING METHOD FOR CODING IMAGE INFORMATION INCLUDING TSRC AVAILABLE FLAG, AND DEVICE THEREFOR | September 2022 | July 2025 | Allow | 33 | 3 | 0 | No | No |
| 17916466 | IMAGE DECODING METHOD AND DEVICE THEREFOR | September 2022 | October 2024 | Allow | 25 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 17956203 | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING REFERENCE PICTURE SET OF IMAGE | September 2022 | August 2023 | Allow | 10 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17956601 | SYNCHRONIZED LOW-POWER VIDEO PLAYBACK | September 2022 | September 2025 | Allow | 35 | 3 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17934508 | MOTION SEARCH FOR REFERENCE BLOCK SELECTION | September 2022 | October 2025 | Allow | 37 | 3 | 0 | No | No |
| 17950087 | FRAME-RATE SCALABLE VIDEO CODING | September 2022 | July 2023 | Allow | 10 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17944609 | DEVICE AND METHOD FOR CODING VIDEO DATA | September 2022 | January 2024 | Allow | 16 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17906242 | A METHOD, AN APPARATUS AND A COMPUTER PROGRAM PRODUCT FOR VOLUMETRIC VIDEO ENCODING AND VIDEO DECODING | September 2022 | July 2024 | Allow | 22 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17940374 | FEATURE COMPRESSION FOR VIDEO CODING FOR MACHINES | September 2022 | August 2024 | Allow | 23 | 2 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17895845 | METHOD FOR ENCODING IMAGE AND NON-TRANSITORY COMPUTER READABLE STORAGE MEDIUM STORING A BITSTREAM GENERATED BY A METHOD | August 2022 | August 2023 | Allow | 12 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17894843 | CONTEXT ADAPTIVE BINARY ARITHMETIC CODING METHOD AND DEVICE | August 2022 | February 2024 | Allow | 17 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17887287 | SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR SIGNALING SCALING WINDOW INFORMATION IN VIDEO CODING | August 2022 | February 2023 | Allow | 6 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17860629 | 360-DEGREE VIDEO CODING USING GEOMETRY PROJECTION | July 2022 | September 2024 | Allow | 26 | 5 | 0 | No | No |
| 17791062 | IMAGE CODING METHOD BASED ON POC INFORMATION AND NON-REFERENCE PICTURE FLAG IN VIDEO OR IMAGE CODING SYSTEM | July 2022 | June 2025 | Allow | 35 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 17854455 | CROSS COMPONENT DETERMINATION OF CHROMA AND LUMA COMPONENTS OF VIDEO DATA | June 2022 | November 2024 | Allow | 29 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 17855220 | PRECODING ENCODING METHOD AND ENCODER FOR QP ADJUSTMENT | June 2022 | April 2025 | Allow | 33 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 17854505 | MEDIA CONTENT BOUNDARY-AWARE ENCODING | June 2022 | July 2024 | Allow | 24 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17789920 | TRANSMISSION APPARATUS AND TRANSMISSION METHOD | June 2022 | October 2025 | Abandon | 40 | 3 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17807137 | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ENCODING VIDEO, AND STORAGE MEDIUM | June 2022 | July 2024 | Allow | 25 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17806364 | PROCESSING VIDEO USING MASKING WINDOWS | June 2022 | March 2025 | Allow | 34 | 4 | 0 | Yes | Yes |
| 17783438 | IMAGE CODING METHOD BASED ON PARTIAL ENTRY POINT-ASSOCIATED INFORMATION IN VIDEO OR IMAGE CODING SYSTEM | June 2022 | July 2024 | Allow | 25 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17782990 | Matrix Based Intra Prediction with Mode-Global Settings | June 2022 | February 2024 | Allow | 21 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17732893 | DATA ENCODING AND DECODING | April 2022 | November 2024 | Abandon | 31 | 3 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17718647 | Point Cloud Geometry Compression Using Octrees and Binary Arithmetic Encoding with Adaptive Look-Up Tables | April 2022 | July 2023 | Allow | 15 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
This analysis examines appeal outcomes and the strategic value of filing appeals for examiner LOTFI, KYLE M.
With a 60.0% reversal rate, the PTAB has reversed the examiner's rejections more often than affirming them. This reversal rate is in the top 25% across the USPTO, indicating that appeals are more successful here than in most other areas.
Filing a Notice of Appeal can sometimes lead to allowance even before the appeal is fully briefed or decided by the PTAB. This occurs when the examiner or their supervisor reconsiders the rejection during the mandatory appeal conference (MPEP § 1207.01) after the appeal is filed.
In this dataset, 31.6% of applications that filed an appeal were subsequently allowed. This appeal filing benefit rate is below the USPTO average, suggesting that filing an appeal has limited effectiveness in prompting favorable reconsideration.
✓ Appeals to PTAB show good success rates. If you have a strong case on the merits, consider fully prosecuting the appeal to a Board decision.
⚠ Filing a Notice of Appeal shows limited benefit. Consider other strategies like interviews or amendments before appealing.
Examiner LOTFI, KYLE M works in Art Unit 2425 and has examined 173 patent applications in our dataset. With an allowance rate of 77.5%, this examiner has a below-average tendency to allow applications. Applications typically reach final disposition in approximately 28 months.
Examiner LOTFI, KYLE M's allowance rate of 77.5% places them in the 44% percentile among all USPTO examiners. This examiner has a below-average tendency to allow applications.
On average, applications examined by LOTFI, KYLE M receive 2.69 office actions before reaching final disposition. This places the examiner in the 79% percentile for office actions issued. This examiner issues more office actions than most examiners, which may indicate thorough examination or difficulty in reaching agreement with applicants.
The median time to disposition (half-life) for applications examined by LOTFI, KYLE M is 28 months. This places the examiner in the 68% percentile for prosecution speed. Prosecution timelines are slightly faster than average with this examiner.
Conducting an examiner interview provides a +3.3% benefit to allowance rate for applications examined by LOTFI, KYLE M. This interview benefit is in the 25% percentile among all examiners. Recommendation: Interviews provide a below-average benefit with this examiner.
When applicants file an RCE with this examiner, 20.8% of applications are subsequently allowed. This success rate is in the 23% percentile among all examiners. Strategic Insight: RCEs show lower effectiveness with this examiner compared to others. Consider whether a continuation application might be more strategic, especially if you need to add new matter or significantly broaden claims.
This examiner enters after-final amendments leading to allowance in 18.1% of cases where such amendments are filed. This entry rate is in the 21% percentile among all examiners. Strategic Recommendation: This examiner rarely enters after-final amendments compared to other examiners. You should generally plan to file an RCE or appeal rather than relying on after-final amendment entry. Per MPEP § 714.12, primary examiners have discretion in entering after-final amendments, and this examiner exercises that discretion conservatively.
When applicants request a pre-appeal conference (PAC) with this examiner, 88.9% result in withdrawal of the rejection or reopening of prosecution. This success rate is in the 67% percentile among all examiners. Strategic Recommendation: Pre-appeal conferences show above-average effectiveness with this examiner. If you have strong arguments, a PAC request may result in favorable reconsideration.
This examiner withdraws rejections or reopens prosecution in 70.6% of appeals filed. This is in the 57% percentile among all examiners. Of these withdrawals, 41.7% occur early in the appeal process (after Notice of Appeal but before Appeal Brief). Strategic Insight: This examiner shows above-average willingness to reconsider rejections during appeals. The mandatory appeal conference (MPEP § 1207.01) provides an opportunity for reconsideration.
When applicants file petitions regarding this examiner's actions, 71.4% are granted (fully or in part). This grant rate is in the 78% percentile among all examiners. Strategic Note: Petitions are frequently granted regarding this examiner's actions compared to other examiners. Per MPEP § 1002.02(c), various examiner actions are petitionable to the Technology Center Director, including prematureness of final rejection, refusal to enter amendments, and requirement for information. If you believe an examiner action is improper, consider filing a petition.
Examiner's Amendments: This examiner makes examiner's amendments in 0.0% of allowed cases (in the 14% percentile). This examiner rarely makes examiner's amendments compared to other examiners. You should expect to make all necessary claim amendments yourself through formal amendment practice.
Quayle Actions: This examiner issues Ex Parte Quayle actions in 1.5% of allowed cases (in the 65% percentile). This examiner issues Quayle actions more often than average when claims are allowable but formal matters remain (MPEP § 714.14).
Based on the statistical analysis of this examiner's prosecution patterns, here are tailored strategic recommendations:
Not Legal Advice: The information provided in this report is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. You should consult with a qualified patent attorney or agent for advice specific to your situation.
No Guarantees: We do not provide any guarantees as to the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the statistics presented above. Patent prosecution statistics are derived from publicly available USPTO data and are subject to data quality limitations, processing errors, and changes in USPTO practices over time.
Limitation of Liability: Under no circumstances will IronCrow AI be liable for any outcome, decision, or action resulting from your reliance on the statistics, analysis, or recommendations presented in this report. Past prosecution patterns do not guarantee future results.
Use at Your Own Risk: While we strive to provide accurate and useful prosecution statistics, you should independently verify any information that is material to your prosecution strategy and use your professional judgment in all patent prosecution matters.