Detailed information about the 100 most recent patent applications.
| Application Number | Title | Filing Date | Disposal Date | Disposition | Time (months) | Office Actions | Restrictions | Interview | Appeal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 19328272 | ENERGY STORAGE POWER SUPPLY | September 2025 | March 2026 | Allow | 6 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 19317114 | CASING ASSEMBLY, BATTERY CELL, BATTERY, AND ELECTRIC APPARATUS | September 2025 | March 2026 | Allow | 6 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 19295353 | PROCESS FOR PREPARING ELECTROACTIVE MATERIALS FOR METAL-ION BATTERIES | August 2025 | January 2026 | Allow | 5 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 19254025 | HEAT EXCHANGE ASSEMBLY, BATTERY APPARATUS, ELECTRIC DEVICE, AND ENERGY STORAGE DEVICE | June 2025 | October 2025 | Allow | 4 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 19223220 | WARM-UP AND TEMPERATURE PRESERVATION APPARATUS FOR ENERGY STORAGE BATTERIES IN COLD REGIONS | May 2025 | August 2025 | Allow | 2 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 19080676 | MARINE THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL BATTERY | March 2025 | October 2025 | Allow | 7 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 19026692 | MANGANESE IRON OXIDE AND PREPARATION METHOD THEREOF, AND PREPARATION METHOD FOR LITHIUM MANGANESE IRON PHOSPHATE CATHODE MATERIALS | January 2025 | April 2025 | Allow | 3 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18879902 | COOLANT-COLLECTING DEVICE | December 2024 | October 2025 | Allow | 10 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18975834 | FUEL CELL THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE IN PHASE-CHANGE MATERIAL | December 2024 | July 2025 | Allow | 7 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18873477 | PUMPED TWO-PHASE FUEL CELL COOLING | December 2024 | March 2025 | Allow | 3 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18964190 | BATTERY ENCLOSURE AND ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM INCLUDING THE SAME | November 2024 | August 2025 | Allow | 9 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18855051 | PROCESS FOR PREPARING ELECTROACTIVE MATERIALS FOR METAL-ION BATTERIES | October 2024 | March 2025 | Allow | 5 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18909579 | Battery Module And Battery Pack Including The Same | October 2024 | June 2025 | Allow | 9 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18823197 | BOX STRUCTURE, BATTERY, AND ELECTRICAL DEVICE | September 2024 | March 2025 | Allow | 7 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18728750 | A SYSTEM | July 2024 | November 2024 | Allow | 4 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18748854 | BATTERY PACK AND ENERGY STORAGE DEVICE | June 2024 | September 2024 | Allow | 3 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18678006 | BATTERY MODULE AND BATTERY PACK INCLUDING THE SAME | May 2024 | November 2025 | Allow | 18 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18712633 | BATTERY MODULE HAVING GAS VENTING CHANNEL COMBINED WITH COOLING CHANNEL, BATTERY PACK INCLUDING THE SAME, AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE BATTERY MODULE | May 2024 | November 2024 | Allow | 6 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18611645 | SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR THERMAL MANAGEMENT OF AN ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM | March 2024 | September 2024 | Allow | 6 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18687265 | GEOMETRIC SHAPES FOR REDUCED MANIFOLD PRESSURE DROP | February 2024 | November 2024 | Allow | 9 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 18525059 | BATTERY MODULE | November 2023 | May 2025 | Allow | 17 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 18523927 | SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DELIVERY SYSTEM, CONTROLLER, AND METHOD | November 2023 | June 2025 | Allow | 19 | 1 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 18290508 | BATTERY MODULE AND BATTERY SYSTEM WITH HEAT EXCHANGER HOUSING | November 2023 | June 2025 | Allow | 19 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18386068 | NEGATIVE ACTIVE MATERIAL AND RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM BATTERY INCLUDING SAME | November 2023 | March 2025 | Allow | 17 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18383098 | LITHIUM-ION BATTERY | October 2023 | December 2024 | Allow | 14 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18381622 | BATTERY LOCKING/UNLOCKING METHOD, ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERY SWAPPING CONTROL METHOD | October 2023 | January 2025 | Allow | 15 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18462030 | BOX OF BATTERY, BATTERY, POWER CONSUMPTION DEVICE, AND METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PRODUCING BATTERY | September 2023 | August 2025 | Allow | 23 | 1 | 1 | No | No |
| 18454369 | FLOW BATTERY WITH A DYNAMIC FLUIDIC NETWORK | August 2023 | October 2023 | Allow | 2 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18450375 | BATTERY HEATING SYSTEM AND METHOD, POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM, AND ELECTRICAL APPARATUS | August 2023 | April 2024 | Allow | 8 | 1 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 18446550 | THERMAL MANAGEMENT METHOD AND THERMAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM | August 2023 | June 2025 | Allow | 22 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18357696 | ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME | July 2023 | September 2024 | Allow | 14 | 1 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 18224284 | LITHIUM SOLID STATE ELECTROLYTE INTERFACE TREATMENT | July 2023 | May 2025 | Abandon | 22 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18014481 | UNLOCKING MECHANISM, SUPPORT ASSEMBLY, BATTERY PACK UNLOCKING METHOD, AND BATTERY PACK LOCKING METHOD | July 2023 | October 2024 | Allow | 21 | 1 | 1 | No | No |
| 18260475 | SLURRY COMPOSITION FOR NON-AQUEOUS SECONDARY BATTERY HEAT-RESISTANT LAYER, HEAT-RESISTANT LAYER FOR NON-AQUEOUS SECONDARY BATTERY, HEAT-RESISTANT LAYER-EQUIPPED SEPARATOR FOR NON-AQUEOUS SECONDARY BATTERY, AND NON-AQUEOUS SECONDARY BATTERY | July 2023 | January 2025 | Allow | 19 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18346793 | BATTERY MODULE AND BATTERY PACK INCLUDING THE SAME | July 2023 | February 2025 | Allow | 19 | 2 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18343274 | ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME | June 2023 | November 2024 | Allow | 17 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18266461 | IN-VEHICLE FUEL CELL SYSTEM | June 2023 | April 2024 | Allow | 10 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18311435 | MULTIFUNCTIONAL MANIFOLD FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL DEVICES AND METHODS FOR MAKING THE SAME | May 2023 | July 2024 | Allow | 15 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18250550 | FUEL CELL COMPRISING A BIPOLAR MODULE CAPABLE OF GENERATING HEAT | April 2023 | December 2025 | Allow | 32 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18183217 | FUEL CELL VALVE CONFIGURATION | March 2023 | April 2024 | Allow | 13 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18042990 | BIPOLAR PLATE HAVING DUCT DIVISIONS PRESENT IN THE ACTIVE REGION, AND A FUEL CELL STACK | February 2023 | October 2025 | Allow | 32 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18111665 | METHOD OF PRODUCING FUEL CELL STACK | February 2023 | April 2024 | Allow | 14 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18170144 | FUEL CELL SYSTEM | February 2023 | February 2024 | Allow | 12 | 1 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 18021746 | SEPARATOR FOR SECONDARY BATTERIES | February 2023 | January 2026 | Allow | 35 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18020537 | TEMPERATURE-CONTROL DEVICE FOR INDIVIDUAL BATTERY CELLS COMBINED TO FORM A MODULE | February 2023 | March 2026 | Allow | 37 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18164750 | MICROGRADIENT PATTERNED CARBON COATED CURRENT COLLECTOR FOR ALKALI METAL BATTERY AND METHOD OF PREPARATION THEREOF | February 2023 | August 2025 | Allow | 30 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17914186 | BATTERY PACK | February 2023 | January 2026 | Allow | 39 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18161918 | BATTERY PLATES USEFUL IN BIPOLAR BATTERY ASSEMBLIES AND METHODS OF PREPARATION | January 2023 | February 2024 | Allow | 12 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18017101 | REMOVABLE LOAD CELL DESIGN FOR FUEL CELL STACK | January 2023 | October 2025 | Allow | 32 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18097646 | HEAT-SINK WITH VARIABLE CROSS-SECTION COOLANT CHANNELS | January 2023 | February 2026 | Allow | 37 | 0 | 1 | No | No |
| 18150788 | SINGLE BATTERY, BATTERY APPARATUS AND POWER CONSUMPTION APPARATUS | January 2023 | December 2025 | Allow | 36 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18003855 | BIPOLAR PLATE AND FUEL CELL STACK | December 2022 | July 2025 | Allow | 31 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18003679 | ADDITIVE, AND LITHIUM SECONDARY BATTERY ELECTROLYTE AND LITHIUM BATTERY WHICH COMPRISE SAME | December 2022 | July 2025 | Allow | 30 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18147394 | THERMAL MANAGEMENT IN BATTERY COMPONENTS | December 2022 | September 2023 | Allow | 9 | 1 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 18146664 | BATTERY COOLANT CONTROL | December 2022 | October 2023 | Allow | 10 | 1 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 18086791 | WATER COOLING ASSEMBLY, BATTERY PACK, AND DEVICE | December 2022 | December 2023 | Allow | 12 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 18067845 | STACK CASE | December 2022 | August 2025 | Allow | 31 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18010414 | FUEL CELL, BIPOLAR PLATE AND BIPOLAR PLATE ASSEMBLY FOR FUEL CELL | December 2022 | August 2023 | Allow | 9 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18077780 | BATTERY DEVICE HAVING THERMAL PROTECTION MECHANISM | December 2022 | December 2025 | Allow | 36 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18075397 | SUSTAINABLE ENERGY DELIVERY SYSTEM, CONTROLLER, AND METHOD | December 2022 | August 2023 | Allow | 8 | 0 | 1 | No | No |
| 18008131 | COOLING JACKET ASSEMBLY AND MANUFACTURING METHODS THEREOF | December 2022 | December 2023 | Abandon | 13 | 0 | 1 | No | No |
| 17928859 | BIPOLAR PLATE AND FUEL CELL STACK | November 2022 | December 2025 | Allow | 36 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17927750 | BINDER COMPOSITION FOR SECONDARY BATTERY | November 2022 | December 2025 | Allow | 37 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17927579 | PROTON-CONDUCTIVE CELL STRUCTURE, PROTON-CONDUCTIVE MATERIAL, ELECTROCHEMICAL DEVICE, AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING PROTON-CONDUCTIVE MATERIAL | November 2022 | July 2025 | Allow | 32 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17927294 | BATTERY MODULE AND BATTERY PACK INCLUDING THE SAME | November 2022 | December 2025 | Allow | 37 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17926947 | BATTERY MODULE AND BATTERY PACK INCLUDING THE SAME | November 2022 | March 2026 | Allow | 40 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 17926062 | BATTERY MODULE AND BATTERY PACK INCLUDING THE SAME | November 2022 | August 2025 | Allow | 33 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17985851 | BATTERY, APPARATUS USING BATTERY, AND MANUFACTURING METHOD AND MANUFACTURING DEVICE OF BATTERY | November 2022 | July 2023 | Allow | 8 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17983763 | METHOD OF MANUFACTURING ELECTRICITY GENERATING ASSEMBLY | November 2022 | March 2026 | Allow | 40 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17981843 | METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING FUEL CELL SEPARATOR HAVING MINIMIZED SURFACE DEFECT VIA SURFACE POLISHING USING HIGH-PRESSURE INJECTION | November 2022 | January 2026 | Abandon | 39 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17980097 | BATTERY MODULE | November 2022 | December 2025 | Allow | 37 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18051063 | DUCT AND A METHOD OF MANUFACTURING A DUCT | October 2022 | December 2023 | Abandon | 13 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17975514 | BATTERY CELL HOLDER, BATTERY MODULE, BATTERY AND ELECTRICAL APPARATUS | October 2022 | August 2024 | Allow | 22 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17921602 | CELL, CELL STACK DEVICE, MODULE, AND MODULE HOUSING DEVICE | October 2022 | June 2025 | Allow | 32 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17974267 | BATTERY MODULE, BATTERY PACK INCLUDING BATTERY MODULE, AND VEHICLE INCLUDING BATTERY PACK | October 2022 | December 2025 | Allow | 38 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17972752 | LITHIUM-ION BATTERY ANODE | October 2022 | December 2025 | Allow | 37 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17920212 | Cooling System for Busbars | October 2022 | March 2023 | Allow | 5 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17964616 | Fuel cell | October 2022 | August 2025 | Allow | 34 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17962288 | FLOW RESTRICTOR | October 2022 | February 2026 | Abandon | 41 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17917216 | CELL, MODULE AND MODULE HOUSING DEVICE | October 2022 | December 2025 | Allow | 39 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17917040 | A BATTERY MODULE | October 2022 | January 2026 | Allow | 39 | 1 | 1 | No | No |
| 17953734 | BATTERY, POWER CONSUMPTION DEVICE, METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PRODUCING BATTERY | September 2022 | September 2023 | Allow | 11 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17932780 | PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL (PCM)-BASED CONDUCTIVE THERMAL ACTUATOR SWITCH | September 2022 | November 2025 | Allow | 38 | 1 | 1 | No | No |
| 17907908 | BATTERY MODULE AND BATTERY PACK INCLUDING THE SAME | August 2022 | October 2025 | Allow | 37 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17802522 | COMPOSITE MEMBER, CELL STACK DEVICE, MODULE, AND MODULE HOUSING DEVICE | August 2022 | October 2025 | Allow | 38 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17800060 | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR SUPPLYING A HEATING PRESS WITH ENERGY AND HEATING PRESS HAVING AN ENERGY SUPPLY DEVICE | August 2022 | January 2026 | Abandon | 41 | 0 | 1 | No | No |
| 17819365 | ALKALINE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS COMPRISING INCREASED ZINC OXIDE LEVELS | August 2022 | June 2024 | Allow | 22 | 3 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17797839 | MODULE LAYER AND BATTERY SYSTEM MADE THEREFROM | August 2022 | September 2023 | Allow | 13 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17877353 | ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME | July 2022 | September 2024 | Allow | 26 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17796222 | BATTERY PACK AND DEVICE INCLUDING THE SAME | July 2022 | October 2025 | Allow | 39 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17793546 | METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PREVENTING INJURY FROM HOT EXHAUST GAS | July 2022 | March 2023 | Allow | 8 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17861742 | METHODS OF PRODUCING BATTERIES UTILIZING ANODE COATINGS DIRECTLY ON NANOPOROUS SEPARATORS | July 2022 | August 2023 | Allow | 14 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17860490 | Battery Device With Immersion Cooling and Motor Vehicle | July 2022 | February 2023 | Allow | 7 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17790669 | BATTERY RACK AND ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM COMPRISING THE SAME | July 2022 | January 2025 | Allow | 30 | 2 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17810462 | FLOW BATTERY WITH A DYNAMIC FLUIDIC NETWORK | July 2022 | May 2023 | Allow | 11 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17856116 | ANTIOXIDANT FOR FUEL CELLS, MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY INCLUDING THE SAME AND METHOD FOR PREPARING ANTIOXIDANT | July 2022 | May 2024 | Allow | 23 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17854812 | CRASH SAFE BATTERY PACK FOR MEDIATING RISKS OF THERMAL RUNAWAY DURING IMPACT | June 2022 | September 2023 | Allow | 14 | 0 | 1 | No | No |
| 17787884 | DOPED PHOSPHORUS-SULFUR IODIDE SOLID ELECTROLYTE, PREPARATION METHOD THEREFOR, AND USE THEREOF | June 2022 | May 2025 | Allow | 35 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17843681 | VENTILATION DEVICE FOR POUCH-TYPE SECONDARY BATTERY AND BATTERY MODULE INCLUDING THE SAME | June 2022 | December 2025 | Allow | 42 | 1 | 1 | No | No |
| 17782419 | DISCONNECTION DEVICE COMPRISING A HEAT ACTIVATABLE ELEMENT | June 2022 | January 2025 | Allow | 32 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
This analysis examines appeal outcomes and the strategic value of filing appeals for examiner SIDDIQUEE, MUHAMMAD S.
With a 28.6% reversal rate, the PTAB affirms the examiner's rejections in the vast majority of cases. This reversal rate is below the USPTO average, indicating that appeals face more challenges here than typical.
Filing a Notice of Appeal can sometimes lead to allowance even before the appeal is fully briefed or decided by the PTAB. This occurs when the examiner or their supervisor reconsiders the rejection during the mandatory appeal conference (MPEP § 1207.01) after the appeal is filed.
In this dataset, 38.9% of applications that filed an appeal were subsequently allowed. This appeal filing benefit rate is above the USPTO average, suggesting that filing an appeal can be an effective strategy for prompting reconsideration.
⚠ Appeals to PTAB face challenges. Ensure your case has strong merit before committing to full Board review.
✓ Filing a Notice of Appeal is strategically valuable. The act of filing often prompts favorable reconsideration during the mandatory appeal conference.
Examiner SIDDIQUEE, MUHAMMAD S works in Art Unit 1723 and has examined 461 patent applications in our dataset. With an allowance rate of 89.4%, this examiner has an above-average tendency to allow applications. Applications typically reach final disposition in approximately 29 months.
Examiner SIDDIQUEE, MUHAMMAD S's allowance rate of 89.4% places them in the 71% percentile among all USPTO examiners. This examiner has an above-average tendency to allow applications.
On average, applications examined by SIDDIQUEE, MUHAMMAD S receive 1.34 office actions before reaching final disposition. This places the examiner in the 20% percentile for office actions issued. This examiner issues significantly fewer office actions than most examiners.
The median time to disposition (half-life) for applications examined by SIDDIQUEE, MUHAMMAD S is 29 months. This places the examiner in the 63% percentile for prosecution speed. Prosecution timelines are slightly faster than average with this examiner.
Conducting an examiner interview provides a +5.2% benefit to allowance rate for applications examined by SIDDIQUEE, MUHAMMAD S. This interview benefit is in the 30% percentile among all examiners. Recommendation: Interviews provide a below-average benefit with this examiner.
When applicants file an RCE with this examiner, 40.4% of applications are subsequently allowed. This success rate is in the 91% percentile among all examiners. Strategic Insight: RCEs are highly effective with this examiner compared to others. If you receive a final rejection, filing an RCE with substantive amendments or arguments has a strong likelihood of success.
This examiner enters after-final amendments leading to allowance in 35.3% of cases where such amendments are filed. This entry rate is in the 53% percentile among all examiners. Strategic Recommendation: This examiner shows above-average receptiveness to after-final amendments. If your amendments clearly overcome the rejections and do not raise new issues, consider filing after-final amendments before resorting to an RCE.
When applicants request a pre-appeal conference (PAC) with this examiner, 66.7% result in withdrawal of the rejection or reopening of prosecution. This success rate is in the 52% percentile among all examiners. Strategic Recommendation: Pre-appeal conferences show above-average effectiveness with this examiner. If you have strong arguments, a PAC request may result in favorable reconsideration.
This examiner withdraws rejections or reopens prosecution in 61.1% of appeals filed. This is in the 38% percentile among all examiners. Of these withdrawals, 54.5% occur early in the appeal process (after Notice of Appeal but before Appeal Brief). Strategic Insight: This examiner shows below-average willingness to reconsider rejections during appeals. Be prepared to fully prosecute appeals if filed.
When applicants file petitions regarding this examiner's actions, 32.9% are granted (fully or in part). This grant rate is in the 20% percentile among all examiners. Strategic Note: Petitions are rarely granted regarding this examiner's actions compared to other examiners. Ensure you have a strong procedural basis before filing a petition, as the Technology Center Director typically upholds this examiner's decisions.
Examiner's Amendments: This examiner makes examiner's amendments in 0.2% of allowed cases (in the 53% percentile). This examiner makes examiner's amendments more often than average to place applications in condition for allowance (MPEP § 1302.04).
Quayle Actions: This examiner issues Ex Parte Quayle actions in 0.0% of allowed cases (in the 4% percentile). This examiner rarely issues Quayle actions compared to other examiners. Allowances typically come directly without a separate action for formal matters.
Based on the statistical analysis of this examiner's prosecution patterns, here are tailored strategic recommendations:
Not Legal Advice: The information provided in this report is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. You should consult with a qualified patent attorney or agent for advice specific to your situation.
No Guarantees: We do not provide any guarantees as to the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the statistics presented above. Patent prosecution statistics are derived from publicly available USPTO data and are subject to data quality limitations, processing errors, and changes in USPTO practices over time.
Limitation of Liability: Under no circumstances will IronCrow AI be liable for any outcome, decision, or action resulting from your reliance on the statistics, analysis, or recommendations presented in this report. Past prosecution patterns do not guarantee future results.
Use at Your Own Risk: While we strive to provide accurate and useful prosecution statistics, you should independently verify any information that is material to your prosecution strategy and use your professional judgment in all patent prosecution matters.