Detailed information about the 100 most recent patent applications.
| Application Number | Title | Filing Date | Disposal Date | Disposition | Time (months) | Office Actions | Restrictions | Interview | Appeal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18956492 | Apparatus for Removing a Layer of Sediment Which Has Settled on the Bottom of a Large Water Body | November 2024 | April 2025 | Allow | 5 | 2 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 18946861 | MOVING APPARATUS, CLEANING DEVICE, AND CLEANING DEVICE CONTROL METHOD | November 2024 | May 2025 | Allow | 6 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18902860 | SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING ALGAL GROWTH IN AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS | September 2024 | May 2025 | Allow | 8 | 1 | 1 | No | No |
| 18589433 | CORDLESS VACUUM CLEANER AND METHOD OF CONTROLLING OPERATION OF CORDLESS VACUUM CLEANER | February 2024 | June 2025 | Allow | 16 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18429766 | MOBILE WATERJET RAIL REPAIR SYSTEM | February 2024 | June 2025 | Allow | 17 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18406766 | SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR LITTER COLLECTION AND REMOVAL | January 2024 | May 2025 | Allow | 16 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18390089 | LAMP SYSTEM FOR VEHICLE | December 2023 | May 2025 | Allow | 17 | 1 | 1 | No | No |
| 18390994 | SYSTEM AND METHOD TO CLEAN A RANGE EXHAUST | December 2023 | April 2025 | Allow | 16 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18536801 | ACOUSTIC DUSTER | December 2023 | April 2025 | Allow | 16 | 0 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 18532158 | Apparatus for Removing a Layer of Sediment Which Has Settled on the Bottom of a Large Water Body | December 2023 | July 2024 | Allow | 8 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18520162 | MATERIAL RESTORATION COMPOSITION | November 2023 | June 2025 | Allow | 18 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18513893 | PARTICLE REMOVAL METHOD | November 2023 | June 2025 | Allow | 19 | 0 | 2 | Yes | No |
| 18511493 | AGGREGATE WASHING SYSTEMS, METHODS, AND APPARATUS | November 2023 | January 2025 | Allow | 14 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18382425 | Bodily Decontamination Device | October 2023 | January 2025 | Allow | 15 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18556230 | SILICON CARBIDE (SIC) WAFER POLISHING WITH SLURRY FORMULATION AND PROCESS | October 2023 | June 2025 | Allow | 20 | 0 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 18489093 | COMFORTABLE OPHTHALMIC DEVICE AND METHODS OF ITS PRODUCTION | October 2023 | June 2025 | Allow | 20 | 2 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18555232 | DEVICES FOR AUTOMATIC CLEANING OF A MONOCRYSTALLINE SILICON BAR | October 2023 | May 2025 | Allow | 19 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18284566 | Method for Cleaning Particulate Contaminant | September 2023 | June 2025 | Allow | 20 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18363441 | TECHNIQUES FOR DEPOWDERING ADDITIVELY FABRICATED PARTS THROUGH FLUID IMMERSION AND RELATED SYSTEMS AND METHODS | August 2023 | December 2024 | Allow | 17 | 0 | 1 | No | No |
| 18361847 | Systems and Methods for Controlling Algal Growth in Air Conditioning Systems | July 2023 | December 2024 | Abandon | 17 | 3 | 1 | No | No |
| 18358417 | SYSTEM AND PROCESS FOR CLEANING A JET ENGINE COMPONENT | July 2023 | November 2024 | Allow | 16 | 0 | 1 | No | No |
| 18273882 | AUTOMATIC CLEANING SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR REMOVING DEBRIS FROM DIES | July 2023 | May 2025 | Allow | 21 | 1 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 18219716 | Semiconductor cleaning step | July 2023 | February 2025 | Allow | 19 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18346689 | CLEANING/DRYING SYSTEM | July 2023 | January 2025 | Abandon | 18 | 0 | 1 | No | No |
| 18344647 | Method of Treating or Maintaining an Apparatus | June 2023 | March 2025 | Allow | 20 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18213266 | MAINTENANCE DEVICE, VACUUM PROCESSING SYSTEM, AND MAINTENANCE METHOD | June 2023 | September 2024 | Allow | 15 | 2 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 18339036 | DISHWASHING APPLIANCE AND METHODS OF OPERATION FOR FUTURE CYCLE PROTECTION | June 2023 | February 2025 | Allow | 20 | 1 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 18265234 | SUBSTRATE PROCESSING METHOD | June 2023 | February 2025 | Allow | 21 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18328087 | STETHOSCOPE CLEANING DEVICE | June 2023 | December 2024 | Allow | 18 | 0 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 18196902 | AUTOMATED PORTABLE CONTAINER CLEANING | May 2023 | September 2024 | Allow | 16 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18315722 | CLEANING METHOD AND PROCESSING APPARATUS | May 2023 | April 2025 | Allow | 24 | 2 | 1 | No | No |
| 18315171 | RINSE NIPPLE | May 2023 | March 2025 | Abandon | 22 | 0 | 1 | No | No |
| 18309631 | RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL PIG CLEANING AND TRANSPORTATION PLATFORM SYSTEM | April 2023 | March 2025 | Abandon | 22 | 1 | 1 | No | No |
| 18308368 | SUBSTRATE CLEANING METHOD AND SUBSTRATE PROCESSING METHOD | April 2023 | February 2025 | Allow | 22 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18133972 | MEGASONIC CLEAN WITH CAVITY PROPERTY MONITORING | April 2023 | July 2024 | Allow | 15 | 0 | 1 | No | No |
| 18295417 | DISHWASHER WITH IMAGE-BASED DIAGNOSTICS | April 2023 | November 2024 | Allow | 19 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18130407 | APPARATUS AND METHOD OF BRUSH CLEANING USING PERIODIC CHEMICAL TREATMENTS | April 2023 | December 2024 | Allow | 20 | 1 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 18122490 | POOLING MITIGATION FOR AUTONOMOUS WET CLEANING ROBOT | March 2023 | October 2024 | Allow | 19 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18121765 | MATERIAL RESTORATION COMPOSITION AND METHOD | March 2023 | October 2023 | Allow | 7 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18119870 | SUBSTRATE TREATMENT METHOD AND SUBSTRATE TREATMENT APPARATUS | March 2023 | September 2024 | Allow | 18 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18117592 | SUBSTRATE PROCESSING APPARATUS INCLUDING NOZZLE UNIT AND SUBSTRATE PROCESSING METHOD | March 2023 | August 2024 | Allow | 17 | 0 | 1 | No | No |
| 18170195 | TREATMENT LIQUID AND SUBSTRATE TREATMENT METHOD | February 2023 | December 2024 | Allow | 22 | 1 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 18021221 | SYSTEM COMPRISING A DISHWASHER, METHOD FOR OPERATING A DISHWASHER, AND COMPUTER PROGRAM PRODUCT | February 2023 | August 2024 | Allow | 18 | 1 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 18041579 | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CLEANING WASHING TOOL, SUBSTRATE WASHING DEVICE, AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING WASHING TOOL | February 2023 | November 2024 | Allow | 21 | 1 | 1 | No | No |
| 18168897 | Cleaning device, cleaning device system and vehicle with a sensoric system including at least a sensor for automated driving and method of spray cleaning of a sensor surface with the cleaning device | February 2023 | February 2025 | Allow | 24 | 2 | 1 | No | No |
| 17632516 | NON-DESTRUCTIVE DEVICE AND METHOD FOR SURVEYING, INSPECTION, AND CLEANING MARINE GROWTH AROUND OFFSHORE STRUCTURE | February 2023 | January 2025 | Allow | 36 | 2 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 18162191 | Method for Protecting an Optical Sensor of a Vehicle from Environmental Pollutants | January 2023 | February 2024 | Allow | 13 | 1 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 18149132 | Lancing Safety Cap Apparatus | January 2023 | July 2024 | Allow | 19 | 0 | 1 | No | No |
| 18145920 | APPARATUS FOR TREATING SUBSTRATE AND METHOD FOR TREATING SUBSTRATE | December 2022 | December 2024 | Allow | 24 | 2 | 1 | No | No |
| 18068940 | APPARATUS FOR TREATING SUBSTRATE AND METHOD FOR TREATING A SUBSTRATE | December 2022 | September 2024 | Allow | 21 | 1 | 1 | No | No |
| 18008642 | PLASMA PROCESSING APPARATUS, AND PLASMA PROCESSING METHOD | December 2022 | September 2024 | Allow | 22 | 1 | 1 | No | No |
| 18000804 | INTEGRATED CLEANING DEVICE AND SYSTEM FOR OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS | December 2022 | June 2024 | Allow | 19 | 0 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 17992315 | Preventing Sensor Contamination | November 2022 | November 2024 | Allow | 24 | 1 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 17926151 | SYSTEM COMPRISING A DISHWASHER, METHOD FOR OPERATING A DISHWASHER, AND COMPUTER PROGRAM PRODUCT | November 2022 | February 2025 | Allow | 27 | 2 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17989463 | COSMETIC COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS | November 2022 | October 2024 | Allow | 23 | 3 | 0 | Yes | Yes |
| 18056124 | SHORT-TERM WASH TREATMENT OF PRODUCE | November 2022 | July 2023 | Allow | 8 | 0 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 17988122 | AIRCRAFT PROPULSION ASSEMBLY COMPRISING AT LEAST ONE DEVICE FOR CLEANING A NACELLE AIR INTAKE BY SPRAYING A CLEANING LIQUID | November 2022 | February 2025 | Abandon | 27 | 2 | 1 | No | No |
| 17987591 | ULTRAVIOLET AND OZONE CLEANING APPARATUS AND METHOD OF USING | November 2022 | October 2024 | Allow | 23 | 2 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 17987062 | NOZZLE, SUBSTRATE PROCESSING APPARATUS INCLUDING THE SAME, AND SUBSTRATE PROCESSING METHOD | November 2022 | September 2023 | Allow | 10 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18054317 | Surface Wiping Tool for a Robot | November 2022 | August 2024 | Abandon | 21 | 0 | 1 | No | No |
| 17983093 | SYSTEMS AND METHODS TO CLEAN A CONTINUOUS SUBSTRATE | November 2022 | October 2023 | Allow | 11 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17982414 | EXTRACTION WITH TEMPORARY SUCTION INTERRUPT | November 2022 | October 2023 | Allow | 11 | 2 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17979795 | METHOD FOR CLEANING SEMICONDUCTOR PROCESS EQUIPMENT AND SYSTEM THEREOF | November 2022 | October 2024 | Allow | 23 | 3 | 1 | No | No |
| 17921244 | AUTOMATIC CATTLE TRAILER WASH SYSTEM | October 2022 | May 2024 | Allow | 18 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17921216 | WESP With Impaction Cleaning, And Method of Cleaning A WESP | October 2022 | July 2024 | Abandon | 21 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 18048102 | SUBSTRATE CLEANING METHOD, PROCESSING CONTAINER CLEANING METHOD, AND SUBSTRATE PROCESSING DEVICE | October 2022 | August 2023 | Allow | 10 | 1 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 17970434 | GAS DELIVERY PALLET ASSEMBLY, CLEANING UNIT AND CHEMICAL MECHANICAL POLISHING SYSTEM HAVING THE SAME | October 2022 | May 2025 | Allow | 31 | 0 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 17960333 | Electrostatically-Assisted Two-Step Conductive Polymer Applique (CPA) Paint Removal Process | October 2022 | September 2024 | Allow | 23 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17954741 | METHOD FOR CLEANING A CONTROLLED AND REGULATED EQUIPMENT | September 2022 | May 2024 | Allow | 19 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17914108 | CLEANING JIG, COATING APPARATUS, AND CLEANING METHOD | September 2022 | November 2024 | Allow | 26 | 1 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 17947386 | MULTI-ORIENTATION CLEANING DEVICE | September 2022 | March 2024 | Allow | 18 | 2 | 1 | No | No |
| 17947500 | MULTI-ORIENTATION CLEANING DEVICE | September 2022 | January 2024 | Allow | 16 | 1 | 1 | No | No |
| 17932701 | COMPLIANCE-BASED CLEANING DEVICE | September 2022 | July 2023 | Allow | 9 | 0 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 17906410 | METHOD FOR CHEMICALLY PICKLING A CAST METAL PART WITH POROUS CERAMIC CORE(S) | September 2022 | August 2024 | Allow | 24 | 2 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17900717 | MODULAR SONIC VIBRATION BUFFER SYSTEM AND METHOD | August 2022 | June 2023 | Allow | 10 | 2 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 17889629 | SYSTEMS FOR TREATING AN INSTALLED AND ASSEMBLED GAS TURBINE ENGINE | August 2022 | May 2025 | Allow | 33 | 3 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 17887718 | ELECTRICAL CLEANING TOOL FOR WAFER POLISHING TOOL SYSTEM | August 2022 | July 2024 | Allow | 23 | 0 | 2 | No | No |
| 17886474 | SUBSTRATE PROCESSING APPARATUS AND SUBSTRATE PROCESSING METHOD USING SAME | August 2022 | October 2024 | Allow | 26 | 2 | 1 | No | No |
| 17816830 | OPTICAL SYSTEM FOR FACILITATING OPTICAL DISINFECTION AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATION | August 2022 | March 2024 | Allow | 20 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17872725 | SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR REMOVING FOREIGN OBJECT DEBRIS DURING A MANUFACTURING PROCESS | July 2022 | May 2024 | Allow | 21 | 2 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 17868469 | SMART AUTOMATED CONTACT LENS CLEANSING DEVICE | July 2022 | December 2023 | Allow | 17 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17863553 | MULTI-CHAMBER FLUID CARTRIDGE FOR SMART AUTOMATED CONTACT LENS CLEANSING DEVICE | July 2022 | November 2023 | Allow | 16 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17862393 | CLEANING METHOD FOR JET ENGINE | July 2022 | April 2024 | Allow | 21 | 1 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 17854179 | SUBSTRATE CLEANING DEVICE AND SUBSTRATE CLEANING METHOD | June 2022 | March 2024 | Allow | 21 | 2 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17790090 | MYCOTOXIN REMOVAL FROM THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT | June 2022 | November 2023 | Abandon | 17 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17844725 | SURFACE CLEANUP MACHINE | June 2022 | January 2024 | Abandon | 19 | 0 | 1 | No | No |
| 17843206 | SUBSTRATE CLEANING DEVICE AND SUBSTRATE CLEANING METHOD | June 2022 | March 2024 | Allow | 20 | 2 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17839382 | SUBSTRATE CLEANING DEVICE, SUBSTRATE PROCESSING APPARATUS, BREAK-IN DEVICE, METHOD FOR ESTIMATING NUMBER OF FINE PARTICLES ADHERING TO SUBSTRATE, METHOD FOR DETERMINING DEGREE OF CONTAMINATION OF SUBSTRATE CLEANING MEMBER, AND METHOD FOR DETERMINING BREAK-IN PROCESSING | June 2022 | May 2024 | Allow | 23 | 2 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 17784263 | METHOD FOR DETACHING ELASTOMER PARTICLES | June 2022 | May 2024 | Allow | 24 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17835152 | SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING SYSTEM | June 2022 | August 2023 | Allow | 14 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17805564 | WASHING DEVICE AND SYSTEM FOR SMOKING DEVICES | June 2022 | May 2023 | Allow | 11 | 0 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17826787 | WASHING APPARATUS AND METHODS USED TO PROCESS ADDITIVELY FABRICATED PARTS | May 2022 | January 2024 | Allow | 20 | 1 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 17826729 | METHOD FOR TREATING A SUBSTRATE | May 2022 | November 2023 | Allow | 17 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17825497 | System and Method for Mechanically Cleaning a Spectrometer Probe | May 2022 | March 2025 | Allow | 34 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 17742396 | SEFL-CLEANING DEVICE AND METHOD USING ELECTRICAL OSCILLATION AND MECHANICAL OSCILLATION | May 2022 | August 2023 | Allow | 16 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17738010 | SUBSTRATE TREATMENT APPARATUS AND METHOD | May 2022 | February 2024 | Allow | 21 | 2 | 1 | No | No |
| 17736476 | ELECTRONIC DEVICE PERIPHERAL CLEANING CABINET | May 2022 | December 2023 | Allow | 20 | 1 | 1 | No | No |
| 17755317 | COATING DEVICE AND WIPING METHOD | April 2022 | November 2023 | Allow | 18 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 17728652 | System and Method for Cleaning a Scope During a Surgical Procedure Using a Hinged Tip | April 2022 | October 2023 | Abandon | 17 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17767228 | SEMICONDUCTOR SUBSTRATE BEVEL CLEANING | April 2022 | April 2024 | Allow | 25 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
This analysis examines appeal outcomes and the strategic value of filing appeals for examiner GOLIGHTLY, ERIC WAYNE.
With a 29.2% reversal rate, the PTAB affirms the examiner's rejections in the vast majority of cases. This reversal rate is below the USPTO average, indicating that appeals face more challenges here than typical.
Filing a Notice of Appeal can sometimes lead to allowance even before the appeal is fully briefed or decided by the PTAB. This occurs when the examiner or their supervisor reconsiders the rejection during the mandatory appeal conference (MPEP § 1207.01) after the appeal is filed.
In this dataset, 25.5% of applications that filed an appeal were subsequently allowed. This appeal filing benefit rate is below the USPTO average, suggesting that filing an appeal has limited effectiveness in prompting favorable reconsideration.
⚠ Appeals to PTAB face challenges. Ensure your case has strong merit before committing to full Board review.
⚠ Filing a Notice of Appeal shows limited benefit. Consider other strategies like interviews or amendments before appealing.
Examiner GOLIGHTLY, ERIC WAYNE works in Art Unit 1714 and has examined 1,011 patent applications in our dataset. With an allowance rate of 82.1%, this examiner has a below-average tendency to allow applications. Applications typically reach final disposition in approximately 29 months.
Examiner GOLIGHTLY, ERIC WAYNE's allowance rate of 82.1% places them in the 47% percentile among all USPTO examiners. This examiner has a below-average tendency to allow applications.
On average, applications examined by GOLIGHTLY, ERIC WAYNE receive 1.24 office actions before reaching final disposition. This places the examiner in the 22% percentile for office actions issued. This examiner issues significantly fewer office actions than most examiners.
The median time to disposition (half-life) for applications examined by GOLIGHTLY, ERIC WAYNE is 29 months. This places the examiner in the 44% percentile for prosecution speed. Prosecution timelines are slightly slower than average with this examiner.
Conducting an examiner interview provides a +27.6% benefit to allowance rate for applications examined by GOLIGHTLY, ERIC WAYNE. This interview benefit is in the 78% percentile among all examiners. Recommendation: Interviews are highly effective with this examiner and should be strongly considered as a prosecution strategy. Per MPEP § 713.10, interviews are available at any time before the Notice of Allowance is mailed or jurisdiction transfers to the PTAB.
When applicants file an RCE with this examiner, 38.4% of applications are subsequently allowed. This success rate is in the 85% percentile among all examiners. Strategic Insight: RCEs are highly effective with this examiner compared to others. If you receive a final rejection, filing an RCE with substantive amendments or arguments has a strong likelihood of success.
This examiner enters after-final amendments leading to allowance in 36.0% of cases where such amendments are filed. This entry rate is in the 46% percentile among all examiners. Strategic Recommendation: This examiner shows below-average receptiveness to after-final amendments. You may need to file an RCE or appeal rather than relying on after-final amendment entry.
When applicants request a pre-appeal conference (PAC) with this examiner, 95.7% result in withdrawal of the rejection or reopening of prosecution. This success rate is in the 67% percentile among all examiners. Strategic Recommendation: Pre-appeal conferences show above-average effectiveness with this examiner. If you have strong arguments, a PAC request may result in favorable reconsideration.
This examiner withdraws rejections or reopens prosecution in 61.9% of appeals filed. This is in the 34% percentile among all examiners. Of these withdrawals, 51.3% occur early in the appeal process (after Notice of Appeal but before Appeal Brief). Strategic Insight: This examiner shows below-average willingness to reconsider rejections during appeals. Be prepared to fully prosecute appeals if filed.
When applicants file petitions regarding this examiner's actions, 65.4% are granted (fully or in part). This grant rate is in the 82% percentile among all examiners. Strategic Note: Petitions are frequently granted regarding this examiner's actions compared to other examiners. Per MPEP § 1002.02(c), various examiner actions are petitionable to the Technology Center Director, including prematureness of final rejection, refusal to enter amendments, and requirement for information. If you believe an examiner action is improper, consider filing a petition.
Examiner's Amendments: This examiner makes examiner's amendments in 2.4% of allowed cases (in the 79% percentile). Per MPEP § 1302.04, examiner's amendments are used to place applications in condition for allowance when only minor changes are needed. This examiner frequently uses this tool compared to other examiners, indicating a cooperative approach to getting applications allowed. Strategic Insight: If you are close to allowance but minor claim amendments are needed, this examiner may be willing to make an examiner's amendment rather than requiring another round of prosecution.
Quayle Actions: This examiner issues Ex Parte Quayle actions in 1.7% of allowed cases (in the 63% percentile). This examiner issues Quayle actions more often than average when claims are allowable but formal matters remain (MPEP § 714.14).
Based on the statistical analysis of this examiner's prosecution patterns, here are tailored strategic recommendations:
Not Legal Advice: The information provided in this report is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. You should consult with a qualified patent attorney or agent for advice specific to your situation.
No Guarantees: We do not provide any guarantees as to the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the statistics presented above. Patent prosecution statistics are derived from publicly available USPTO data and are subject to data quality limitations, processing errors, and changes in USPTO practices over time.
Limitation of Liability: Under no circumstances will IronCrow AI be liable for any outcome, decision, or action resulting from your reliance on the statistics, analysis, or recommendations presented in this report. Past prosecution patterns do not guarantee future results.
Use at Your Own Risk: While we strive to provide accurate and useful prosecution statistics, you should independently verify any information that is material to your prosecution strategy and use your professional judgment in all patent prosecution matters.