Detailed information about the 100 most recent patent applications.
| Application Number | Title | Filing Date | Disposal Date | Disposition | Time (months) | Office Actions | Restrictions | Interview | Appeal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18896129 | SPECTRALLY INTERLEAVED OPTICAL TRANSCEIVERS | September 2024 | May 2025 | Allow | 8 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 18760179 | WAVELENGTH-TUNED SLED USED AS OPTICAL SOURCE FOR ULTRA-WIDEBAND WAVELENGTH REFERENCE | July 2024 | October 2025 | Allow | 16 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 18669806 | TRANSMISSION DEVICE, TRANSMISSION METHOD, RECEPTION DEVICE, AND RECEPTION METHOD | May 2024 | August 2025 | Allow | 15 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18654360 | LOW CONGESTION ROUTING METHOD OF OPTICAL NETWORK-ON-CHIP AND RELATED DEVICE | May 2024 | July 2024 | Allow | 2 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18644598 | MANAGING CONTROL OF OPTICAL PHASED ARRAYS WITH MULTIPLE OPTICAL SOURCE PORTS | April 2024 | March 2026 | Allow | 23 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18644585 | MASSIVE MULTIPLE-INPUT MULTIPLE-OUTPUT CHANNEL EMULATION METHOD AND DEVICE BASED ON OPTICAL MATRIX SWITCHING | April 2024 | August 2024 | Allow | 4 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18608302 | OPTICAL LINK SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR COMPUTATION | March 2024 | March 2025 | Allow | 12 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18441481 | PROBABILISTICALLY SHAPED UNAMPLIFIED OPTICAL SIGNALING | February 2024 | December 2024 | Allow | 10 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18406809 | OPTICAL COMMUNICATION NETWORK CONFIGURATION | January 2024 | February 2025 | Allow | 14 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18545635 | SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR OPTIMIZATION OF TRANSMISSION SIGNAL QUALITY IN POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT NETWORKS | December 2023 | February 2026 | Allow | 26 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18545597 | SECURED FIBER LINK SYSTEM | December 2023 | February 2025 | Allow | 14 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18545427 | SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR OPTIMIZATION OF TRANSMISSION SIGNAL QUALITY IN POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT NETWORKS | December 2023 | February 2026 | Allow | 26 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18545463 | SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR OPTIMIZATION OF TRANSMISSION SIGNAL QUALITY IN POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT NETWORKS | December 2023 | January 2026 | Allow | 25 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18534259 | ENCODING METHOD, DECODING METHOD, AND OPTICAL MODULE | December 2023 | March 2026 | Allow | 27 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18526376 | Scalable add/drop colorless, directionless, and contentionless optical architectures | December 2023 | June 2025 | Allow | 18 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 18508131 | SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR OPTIMIZATION OF TRANSMISSION SIGNAL QUALITY IN POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT NETWORKS | November 2023 | March 2026 | Allow | 28 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18502853 | OPTICAL MODULE | November 2023 | February 2026 | Allow | 27 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18288463 | PATH CONTROL DEVICE OF OPTICAL NETWORK, OPTICAL NETWORK SYSTEM, PATH CONTROL METHOD, AND PATH CONTROL PROGRAM | October 2023 | March 2026 | Abandon | 29 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18492024 | FlexO/ZR subrating and partial survivability | October 2023 | December 2025 | Allow | 26 | 3 | 0 | No | No |
| 18466507 | SECURED FIBER LINK SYSTEM | September 2023 | August 2024 | Allow | 11 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18243150 | OPTICAL TRANSCEIVER | September 2023 | February 2026 | Allow | 29 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18237870 | MULTI-RATE OPTICAL TRANSCEIVER | August 2023 | January 2026 | Abandon | 29 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18228559 | REDUCED-COMPLEXITY INTEGRATED GUARANTEED-RATE OPTICAL PACKET SWITCH | July 2023 | February 2024 | Allow | 7 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18356548 | RECEIVER AND ASSOCIATED MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS DEVICE | July 2023 | August 2024 | Allow | 13 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18353749 | OPTICAL COMMUNICATION NETWORK CONFIGURATION | July 2023 | October 2023 | Allow | 3 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18272795 | VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATION SYSTEM | July 2023 | March 2024 | Allow | 8 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18215056 | OPTICALLY-ENHANCED MULTICHIP PACKAGING | June 2023 | April 2025 | Allow | 21 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 18200222 | HYBRID INTEGRATION OF MICROLED INTERCONNECTS WITH ICS | May 2023 | May 2024 | Allow | 12 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18034012 | SUBSCRIBER APPARATUS, OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND OPTICAL SIGNAL MONITORING METHOD | April 2023 | December 2025 | Allow | 32 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18033544 | OPTICAL COMMUNICATION APPARATUS, OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATION METHOD | April 2023 | August 2025 | Allow | 27 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18250166 | OPTICAL LINEWIDTH INDEPENDENT HIGH PURITY MMW/THZ GENERATOR EMPLOYING CASCADED DEMULTIPLEXING | April 2023 | August 2025 | Abandon | 28 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18247946 | A TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK | April 2023 | August 2025 | Allow | 28 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18030416 | ENERGY EFFICIENT OPTICAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATION MODULE | April 2023 | October 2025 | Allow | 31 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18029722 | OPTICAL PATH DESIGN APPARATUS, OPTICAL PATH DESIGN METHOD AND PROGRAM | March 2023 | November 2025 | Allow | 32 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18029726 | OPTICAL PATH DESIGN APPARATUS, OPTICAL PATH DESIGN METHOD AND PROGRAM | March 2023 | October 2025 | Allow | 30 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 18190638 | TRANSPORT CABLE REDUNDANCY IN A DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYSTEM USING DIGITAL TRANSPORT | March 2023 | May 2024 | Abandon | 14 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18028414 | INSTALLATION METHOD OF OPTICAL COMMUNICATION DEVICE AND OPTICAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM | March 2023 | September 2025 | Allow | 30 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 18027685 | Fibre Optic Sensing | March 2023 | May 2025 | Allow | 26 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18187838 | METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR AUTHENTICATING AN OPTICAL FIBER KEY | March 2023 | February 2026 | Allow | 35 | 2 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18187058 | OPTICAL TRANSMITTER THAT INCLUDES OPTICAL MODULATOR | March 2023 | July 2025 | Allow | 28 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18122952 | OPTICAL TRANSMISSION CONTROL DEVICE | March 2023 | November 2025 | Allow | 32 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18026748 | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR HANDOVER CONTROL IN AN OPTICAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORK | March 2023 | September 2025 | Allow | 30 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 18026409 | SIGNAL CONVERTING APPARATUS AND SIGNAL CONVERTING METHOD | March 2023 | March 2025 | Allow | 24 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18025781 | OPTICAL BRANCHING/COUPLING DEVICE AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING SAME | March 2023 | June 2025 | Allow | 28 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18044898 | SERVICE MANAGEMENT METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORK, OPTICAL LINE TERMINAL AND MEDIUM | March 2023 | April 2025 | Allow | 25 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18119302 | OPTICAL COMMUNICATION CONNECTION DEVICE | March 2023 | June 2025 | Allow | 27 | 1 | 1 | No | No |
| 18118444 | DATA PROCESSING DEVICE, DATA PROCESSING METHOD AND COMPUTER READABLE MEDIUM FOR TRANSMITTING A CARRIER SIGNAL | March 2023 | April 2025 | Allow | 25 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18043925 | Optical Burst Transmitter | March 2023 | June 2025 | Allow | 27 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18023348 | METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR OPTIMIZING OTN NETWORK RESOURCES, COMPUTER DEVICE AND STORAGE MEDIUM | February 2023 | March 2025 | Allow | 25 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18113821 | Bandwidth Optimization for Connection Validation in Pre-Occupied Spectrum | February 2023 | October 2025 | Allow | 32 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18022914 | OPTICAL TRANSMITTER, OPTICAL ACCESS SYSTEM, AND OPTICAL TRANSMISSION METHOD | February 2023 | July 2025 | Allow | 29 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 18111388 | UNDERWATER OPTICAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATION DEVICE AND UNDERWATER OPTICAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM | February 2023 | December 2025 | Allow | 34 | 2 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18170326 | WAVEGUIDE DELAY BASED EQUALIZATION WITH CURRENT SUMMING IN A DIFFERENTIAL TRANSIMPEDANCE AMPLIFIER | February 2023 | April 2025 | Allow | 26 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18110368 | DATA TRANSMISSION-TOLERANT DISTRIBUTED ACOUSTIC SENSING USING CHIRPED-PULSES WITH TIME-DOMAIN ROLL OFF | February 2023 | January 2026 | Abandon | 35 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 18106085 | TRANSMISSION DEVICE, TRANSMISSION METHOD, RECEPTION DEVICE, AND RECEPTION METHOD | February 2023 | February 2024 | Allow | 12 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18162866 | AUTO TUNING OF DWDM WAVELENGTH OF TRANSPONDER CONNECTED TO COLORED PASSIVE MULTIPLEXING MODULES | February 2023 | January 2026 | Allow | 36 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18161386 | SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MONITORING OPTICAL PERFORMANCE IN A SPATIAL DIVISION MULTIPLEXING SYSTEM | January 2023 | January 2025 | Allow | 23 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 18153217 | Apparatus and Methods for Mitigating Multipath Interference in Fiber Transmission System | January 2023 | September 2025 | Allow | 32 | 2 | 1 | No | No |
| 18015435 | COMMUNICATION DEVICE, COMMUNICATION METHOD, COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND COMMUNICATION PROGRAM | January 2023 | February 2025 | Allow | 26 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18067847 | FIBER OPTIC SIGNAL MONITORING | December 2022 | May 2025 | Allow | 29 | 2 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18067516 | Radio Frequency Communications Using Laser Optical Breakdowns | December 2022 | July 2025 | Allow | 31 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 18081392 | OPTICAL DEVICES AND SYSTEMS FOR OPTICAL SOURCE REDUNDANCY | December 2022 | March 2025 | Allow | 27 | 1 | 1 | No | No |
| 18080580 | Compact Tunable Optical Time Delay | December 2022 | May 2024 | Allow | 17 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 18001289 | A Concept for a Central Unit and a Distributed Unit in a Point-to-Multipoint Network | December 2022 | September 2025 | Allow | 33 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17928982 | RECONFIGURABLE ARRAY FOR RF/ANALOGUE SIGNALS | December 2022 | January 2025 | Allow | 25 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 17926705 | OPTICAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATION DEVICE AND OPTICAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATION METHOD | November 2022 | February 2025 | Allow | 27 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 18055435 | HIGH DENSITY MICROWAVE HERMETIC INTERCONNECTS FOR QUANTUM APPLICATIONS | November 2022 | September 2023 | Allow | 10 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17996836 | A DUAL GPON SMALL FORM-FACTOR PLUGGABLE OPTICAL MODULE | October 2022 | July 2024 | Allow | 21 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17967522 | NETWORK PROBING INCLUDING SPLIT LIGHT SIGNAL MONITORING | October 2022 | October 2025 | Allow | 36 | 3 | 0 | No | No |
| 17962558 | FIBER ENABLED OPTICAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND METHOD | October 2022 | August 2025 | Allow | 34 | 2 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17959603 | NETCONF BASED ALARM MANAGEMENT FOR PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORK | October 2022 | January 2024 | Allow | 16 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17960087 | OPTICAL MULTIPLEXER SUPPORTING MULTIPLE CHANNEL SIZES | October 2022 | September 2024 | Allow | 23 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17957070 | OPTICAL MODULE | September 2022 | August 2024 | Allow | 22 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17953590 | OPTICAL LINK SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR COMPUTATION | September 2022 | November 2023 | Allow | 14 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 17913015 | MONITORING APPARATUS, MONITORING METHOD, AND NON-TRANSITORY COMPUTER-READABLE MEDIUM CONTAINING PROGRAM | September 2022 | October 2024 | Allow | 25 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 17933785 | DUAL-POLARIZATION ROTATIONALLY-INSENSITIVE MONOSTATIC TRANSCEIVER WITH STANDARD FIBER | September 2022 | May 2025 | Allow | 32 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17948721 | SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR SPARSE DATA SYNCHRONIZATION AND COMMUNICATION | September 2022 | December 2024 | Allow | 27 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17946219 | INTEGRATED CONNECTOR-WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING DEVICE AND FIBER OPTIC MODULE INCLUDING SUCH DEVICES | September 2022 | June 2025 | Allow | 33 | 3 | 0 | No | No |
| 17910557 | DIAGNOSTIC DEVICE AND DIAGNOSTIC METHOD | September 2022 | April 2024 | Allow | 19 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17941401 | APPARATUS AND CASCADING SYSTEM FOR GENERATING DUMMY OPTICAL SIGNAL | September 2022 | June 2024 | Allow | 21 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17940910 | SENSOR FOR DEGRADED VISUAL ENVIRONMENT | September 2022 | October 2023 | Allow | 13 | 2 | 0 | No | No |
| 17929170 | COMPUTATION OF OPTIMUM FIBER INPUT POWER | September 2022 | December 2023 | Allow | 16 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17899688 | APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR FIBER OPTIC BI-DIRECTIONAL LOCAL AREA NETWORKS | August 2022 | May 2025 | Abandon | 33 | 4 | 0 | No | No |
| 17899645 | SMALL FORM FACTOR SYNCHRONOUS TO ETHERNET COMMUNICATION CONVERTER PLUG | August 2022 | September 2025 | Abandon | 37 | 3 | 0 | No | No |
| 17801076 | UNDETERMINED TERMINAL-BASED ACCELERATED JOINT QUANTUM REMOTE STATE PREPARATION METHOD | August 2022 | November 2024 | Allow | 27 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17814431 | LASERLESS OPTICAL TRANSCEIVER | July 2022 | September 2024 | Allow | 25 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17805342 | TUNABLE OPTICAL WEDGE FOR REDUCING CROSSTALK IN WAVELENGTH SELECTIVE SWITCH | June 2022 | March 2025 | Allow | 33 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17804443 | Visible-Light Software-Defined Modem | May 2022 | October 2024 | Allow | 28 | 3 | 0 | No | No |
| 17826523 | WAVELENGTH-TUNED SLED USED AS OPTICAL SOURCE FOR ULTRA-WIDEBAND WAVELENGTH REFERENCE | May 2022 | March 2024 | Allow | 22 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17731333 | IC-TROSA POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT OPTICAL NETWORK SYSTEM | April 2022 | June 2024 | Allow | 26 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17766740 | Distributed Optical Circuit Allocation in Optical Data-Center Networks (ODCN) | April 2022 | February 2025 | Allow | 34 | 2 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17754583 | NETWORK AND METHOD FOR OPTICAL COMMUNICATION WITH POLARISED LIGHT SIGNAL | April 2022 | June 2025 | Allow | 39 | 4 | 0 | Yes | No |
| 17714137 | MEDIA CONVERTER PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORK (PON) | April 2022 | September 2025 | Abandon | 42 | 4 | 0 | No | No |
| 17714139 | SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR COHERENT OPTICAL BACKHAULING | April 2022 | May 2024 | Allow | 25 | 1 | 1 | No | No |
| 17763879 | OPTICAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATION (OWC) UNIT | March 2022 | July 2024 | Allow | 28 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17763562 | Node Apparatus | March 2022 | July 2023 | Allow | 16 | 0 | 0 | No | No |
| 17699915 | STATE OF POLARIZATION SENSITIVE COHERENT OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY | March 2022 | April 2025 | Allow | 37 | 0 | 1 | Yes | No |
| 17700043 | MICRO-PHOTONICS PARALLEL DATA TRANSMISSION FABRIC AND INTERCONNECT | March 2022 | November 2025 | Allow | 44 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17762224 | ROF Communication Remote Machine And ROF System | March 2022 | October 2023 | Allow | 19 | 1 | 0 | No | No |
| 17760541 | OPTICAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM | March 2022 | December 2023 | Allow | 21 | 1 | 0 | Yes | No |
This analysis examines appeal outcomes and the strategic value of filing appeals for examiner BARUA, PRANESH K.
With a 0.0% reversal rate, the PTAB affirms the examiner's rejections in the vast majority of cases. This reversal rate is in the bottom 25% across the USPTO, indicating that appeals face significant challenges here.
Filing a Notice of Appeal can sometimes lead to allowance even before the appeal is fully briefed or decided by the PTAB. This occurs when the examiner or their supervisor reconsiders the rejection during the mandatory appeal conference (MPEP § 1207.01) after the appeal is filed.
In this dataset, 0.0% of applications that filed an appeal were subsequently allowed. This appeal filing benefit rate is in the bottom 25% across the USPTO, indicating that filing appeals is less effective here than in most other areas.
⚠ Appeals to PTAB face challenges. Ensure your case has strong merit before committing to full Board review.
⚠ Filing a Notice of Appeal shows limited benefit. Consider other strategies like interviews or amendments before appealing.
Examiner BARUA, PRANESH K works in Art Unit 2635 and has examined 61 patent applications in our dataset. With an allowance rate of 85.2%, this examiner has an above-average tendency to allow applications. Applications typically reach final disposition in approximately 29 months.
Examiner BARUA, PRANESH K's allowance rate of 85.2% places them in the 62% percentile among all USPTO examiners. This examiner has an above-average tendency to allow applications.
On average, applications examined by BARUA, PRANESH K receive 2.30 office actions before reaching final disposition. This places the examiner in the 65% percentile for office actions issued. This examiner issues a slightly above-average number of office actions.
The median time to disposition (half-life) for applications examined by BARUA, PRANESH K is 29 months. This places the examiner in the 64% percentile for prosecution speed. Prosecution timelines are slightly faster than average with this examiner.
Conducting an examiner interview provides a +12.3% benefit to allowance rate for applications examined by BARUA, PRANESH K. This interview benefit is in the 48% percentile among all examiners. Recommendation: Interviews provide a below-average benefit with this examiner.
When applicants file an RCE with this examiner, 25.9% of applications are subsequently allowed. This success rate is in the 42% percentile among all examiners. Strategic Insight: RCEs show below-average effectiveness with this examiner. Carefully evaluate whether an RCE or continuation is the better strategy.
This examiner enters after-final amendments leading to allowance in 28.6% of cases where such amendments are filed. This entry rate is in the 40% percentile among all examiners. Strategic Recommendation: This examiner shows below-average receptiveness to after-final amendments. You may need to file an RCE or appeal rather than relying on after-final amendment entry.
This examiner withdraws rejections or reopens prosecution in 60.0% of appeals filed. This is in the 36% percentile among all examiners. Of these withdrawals, 33.3% occur early in the appeal process (after Notice of Appeal but before Appeal Brief). Strategic Insight: This examiner shows below-average willingness to reconsider rejections during appeals. Be prepared to fully prosecute appeals if filed.
When applicants file petitions regarding this examiner's actions, 100.0% are granted (fully or in part). This grant rate is in the 91% percentile among all examiners. Strategic Note: Petitions are frequently granted regarding this examiner's actions compared to other examiners. Per MPEP § 1002.02(c), various examiner actions are petitionable to the Technology Center Director, including prematureness of final rejection, refusal to enter amendments, and requirement for information. If you believe an examiner action is improper, consider filing a petition.
Examiner's Amendments: This examiner makes examiner's amendments in 0.0% of allowed cases (in the 20% percentile). This examiner rarely makes examiner's amendments compared to other examiners. You should expect to make all necessary claim amendments yourself through formal amendment practice.
Quayle Actions: This examiner issues Ex Parte Quayle actions in 0.0% of allowed cases (in the 26% percentile). This examiner issues Quayle actions less often than average. Allowances may come directly without a separate action for formal matters.
Based on the statistical analysis of this examiner's prosecution patterns, here are tailored strategic recommendations:
Not Legal Advice: The information provided in this report is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. You should consult with a qualified patent attorney or agent for advice specific to your situation.
No Guarantees: We do not provide any guarantees as to the accuracy, completeness, or timeliness of the statistics presented above. Patent prosecution statistics are derived from publicly available USPTO data and are subject to data quality limitations, processing errors, and changes in USPTO practices over time.
Limitation of Liability: Under no circumstances will IronCrow AI be liable for any outcome, decision, or action resulting from your reliance on the statistics, analysis, or recommendations presented in this report. Past prosecution patterns do not guarantee future results.
Use at Your Own Risk: While we strive to provide accurate and useful prosecution statistics, you should independently verify any information that is material to your prosecution strategy and use your professional judgment in all patent prosecution matters.